The Cambridge history of ancient China : from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural history of pre-imperial China. Fourteen leading specialists on early Chinese history and archaeology cover more than one thousand years. There are two chapters for each time-period - Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States: one on institutional history, based on both traditional and palaeographic literature, and one on material culture, based on archaeological evidence. There are also chapters on the Neolithic background, language, intellectual history, relations with Central Asia, and the debts of both the Qin and Han empires to these earlier time-periods. Although written by specialists, this Cambridge history aims to explain and describe pre-imperial China to an audience that will include scholars and students, as well as general readers without specialized knowledge of Chinese history. It can be consulted as a work of reference, or read continuously, alone or as part of The Cambridge History of China series. Introduction 1......Page 33 The Development of Historical Approaches and the Impact of Archaeology in the Study of Ancient China......Page 34 Literary Sources......Page 39 Material Sources......Page 42 China's Idealized Past ......Page 43 The Scope of the Present Volume......Page 45 Calendar and Chronology......Page 51 Geography......Page 62 Climate and Environment......Page 65 The Palaeographic Stage of East Asia and Its Settlement by Humans ......Page 69 Beginnings of the Agricultural Way of Life......Page 74 Regional Cultures of the Early Farmers......Page 79 Formation of a Chinese Interaction Sphere and the Development of Regional Cultures......Page 86 The "Ten Thousand States" on the Eve of the Historical Period......Page 91 1.10 Longshan culture period inscriptions on pottery......Page 97 The Question of the Xia Dynasty......Page 103 2. Language and Writing......Page 106 The Chinese Language......Page 107 The Chinese Script......Page 138 3. Shang Archaeology......Page 156 The Archaeology of the Shang Dynasty......Page 158 The Archaeology of Bronze Metallurgy......Page 168 The Early Bronze Age......Page 190 4. The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty......Page 264 Sources......Page 265 Chronology......Page 279 Time and the Calendar......Page 281 Royal Shang Religion......Page 283 The Dynastic State......Page 301 Political and Military Developments......Page 320 The Legacy of Shang......Page 321 5. Western Zhou History......Page 324 Sources......Page 325 Legendary Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang......Page 331 Inscriptional and Archaeological Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang......Page 334 The Zhou Conquest of Shang......Page 339 5.3 Major Zhou colonies......Page 345 Consolidation of Zhou Rule......Page 349 The Middle Western Zhou Reforms......Page 355 The Decline of the Zhou Royal House......Page 360 The Development of the Late Western Zhou Worldview......Page 363 The Decline and Fall of Western Zhou......Page 374 The Legacy of Western Zhou......Page 383 6. Western Zhou Archaeology......Page 384 The Material Record......Page 385 Pre-Conquest Shaanxi Province and the Zhou Conquest......Page 407 Early Western Zhou......Page 422 Middle Western Zhou......Page 446 Late Western Zhou......Page 465 6.29 Some bronzes from tomb M8 at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi......Page 478 7. The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770-481 B.C.......Page 482 Settlement Sites and Activity Areas......Page 485 Bronzes: General Stylistic and Technological Trends......Page 495 7.11 Altar stand from tomb 2., at Xiasi, Xichuan, Henan......Page 502 Finds from Jin Cemeteries......Page 513 Finds From Qin Cemeteries......Page 518 The Cemeteries at Qufu......Page 529 Tombs of the High Elite in the Eastern Part of the Zhou Realm......Page 533 The Middle Han River Basin......Page 542 Early Chu Finds......Page 546 The Southeastern Regional Cultures......Page 557 Other Southern Regional Cultures......Page 571 Conclusion......Page 574 The Fall of the Western Zhou......Page 577 The Beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period......Page 579 The Formation of the Ba System......Page 583 A Multistate System......Page 594 Social Developments......Page 598 Changes in State Structure......Page 602 Economic Developments......Page 607 Intellectual Developments......Page 615 Conclusion......Page 618 9. Warring States: Political History......Page 619 Sources......Page 620 The States......Page 625 The Ruler-Centered Stare......Page 629 Institutions of the Warring Stares......Page 635 The Formation of a Multisrate World......Page 648 The Military Arts......Page 652 Alliances and Persuaders......Page 664 Scholars and the State......Page 673 Human Geography......Page 677 10. The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period......Page 683 Art and Architecture of the Living......Page 685 10.29 Horse chariot mural, in Xianyang palace no. 3......Page 739 Sources......Page 777 The Political Context......Page 779 Basic Concepts......Page 780 Confucius......Page 784 Mozi......Page 791 Fourth Century: Yang Zhu, Zi Huazi......Page 797 Mencius......Page 802 The Sophists......Page 811 Zhuangzi......Page 815 Xunzi......Page 822 Han Feizi, Laozi, Legalism, and Daoism......Page 831 The Lu Shi chunqiu and Correlative Thinking......Page 840 12. Warring Stares Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought......Page 845 Definitions and Sources......Page 847 Warring States Natural Experts and Occultists and Their Texts......Page 852 Astrology and the Calendar......Page 863 Turtle and Milfoil Divination......Page 884 Yin-Yang and Five Phases......Page 892 Religion and Magic......Page 898 Medicine......Page 906 Conclusion......Page 915 13. The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China......Page 917 Periodization of the Northern Zone Cultures......Page 920 The Northern Frontier in the Second Millennium B.C.......Page 925 Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.)......Page 941 Mid-Spring and Autumn Period to the Mid-Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.)......Page 956 Late Warring States ro Qm (ca. 350-209 B.C.)......Page 983 14. The Heritage Left to the Empires......Page 999 The Creation of Empire and Its Hazards......Page 1001 The Lessons of the Past......Page 1003 Religious Rites......Page 1010 The Teachings of the Masters......Page 1014 The Tradition of Kingship......Page 1020 A Sense of Unity......Page 1023 Institutional Norms and Administrative Practice......Page 1034 Cities, Palaces, and Royal Shrines and Tombs......Page 1056 Conclusion......Page 1063 Bibliography......Page 1065 Index......Page 1145 MAPS......Page 13 1 Topography of China......Page 30 1.1 Major regional cultures in China around 5000 B.C.recognized by archaeology......Page 81 2.1 Sites associated with Sino-Tibetan language family......Page 117 3.1 Archaeological sites of the Early Bronze Age......Page 160 4.1 Shang sites in the Xiaotun core area......Page 308 5.1 Sites related to Zhou prio to the conquest of Shang......Page 336 5.2 Zhou military campqigns under Kings Wen and Wu......Page 340 6.1 Archaeological sites of the Western Zhou period......Page 386 6.2 Archaeological sites in the Zhouyuan......Page 389 7.1 Archaeological sites of the Spring and Autumn period......Page 484 8.1 Major states of the Spring and Autumn period......Page 580 9.1 Major states of the Warring States period......Page 626 9.2 The expansion of Qin ca.350-249 B.C.......Page 668 13.1 Northem Zone:Archaeological sites of the second millennium B.C.......Page 929 13.2 Northern Zone:Archaeological sites of the Western and early Eastern Zhou periods (1000-650 B.C.)......Page 947 13.3 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites of the “early nomadic period” (ca. 650-350 B.C.)......Page 960 13.4 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites in Xinjiang......Page 974 13.5 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites of the fourth phase (350-209 B.C.)......Page 986 FIGURES......Page 14 1 Reign dates......Page 57 2.1 Comparison of words in the Sino-Tibetan language family......Page 111 2.2 Old Chinese Sbi jing finals......Page 136 2.3 Old Chinese ganzhi initials......Page 137 2.4 Chinese characters commonly viewed as pictographic......Page 143 2.5 Paronomastic (rebus) usages of Chinese zodiographs......Page 147 2.6 Examples of semantic determinative usages......Page 151 4.1 Diviner groups: Periodization and chronology......Page 272 7.1 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Guo cemetery at Shangcunling,Sanmenxia, Henan......Page 505 7.2 Bronze assemblages excavated from Spring and Autumn period Qin aristocratic tombs......Page 524 7.3 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Xue cemetery at Xuecheng, Tengzhou, Shandong......Page 536 7.4 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Yuan lineage cemetery at Xiasi, Xichuan, Henan......Page 554 1 Principal types of Shang and Zhou bronze vessels......Page 22 1.1 The site of Zhoukoudian,Beijing......Page 72 1.2 Ripened ears of foxtail millet, common millet, and rice......Page 76 1.3 Artifacts of Peiligang and Cishan cultures of early millet farmers in North china......Page 77 1.4 Painted pottery vessels of the Yangshao culture......Page 82 1.5 The Puyang shaman and two animals......Page 83 1.6 Engraved designs on Hemudu pottery vessels......Page 85 1.7 A“Large grave” in the Taosi cemetery, Xiangfen, Shanxi, a Longshan culture site......Page 93 1.8 A Liangzhu culture burial with many ritual jades......Page 94 1.9 Liangzhu jades engraved with shaman's animals......Page 95 2.1 Examples of clan-name insignia graphs......Page 146 3.1 Diagram showing the relationship between the ding of Fig. 3.2 and the mold used to cast it......Page 175 3.2 Bronze ding, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei......Page 178 3.3 Bronze jia, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi Hubei......Page 180 3.4 Bronze gui, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei......Page 182 3.5 Bronze drum, from Chongyang, Hubei......Page 183 3.6 Bronze zun, from Funan, Anhui......Page 184 3.7 Bronze jia, said to be from Anyang......Page 185 3.8 Bronze bu, said to be from Anyang......Page 186 3.9 Bronze fangyi, provenance unknown......Page 187 3.10 (a) Bronze be, from Panlongcheng;(b) bronze be, one of a set of three from Xibeigang Miooi......Page 188 3.11 Palace foundation no. I at Erlitou......Page 191 3.12 Bronze weapons from Erlitou......Page 193 3.13 Bronze vessels from Erlitou......Page 194 3.14 Jades from Erlitou......Page 196 3.15 Plan of Lijiazui M2, Panlongcheng......Page 201 3.16 Bronze fangding, from Xin'gan, Jiangxi......Page 205 3.17 Bronze jue, from Feixi, Anhui......Page 208 3.18 Bronze pou, from Chenggu, Shaanxi......Page 211 3.19 Human faces in bronze......Page 212 3.20 Plans of Xibeigang cemetery......Page 218 3.21 Xibeigang MIOOI, plan and north-south section......Page 220 3.22 Xibeigang MIOOI, shaft floor, showing nine sacrificial burials......Page 221 3.23 Xibeigang MIOOI, shaft floor during excavation, 1935......Page 222 3.24 Fu Hao's comb......Page 227 3.25 Bronzes of northern style from Fu Hao's tomb......Page 230 3.26 Three-dimensional jade animals from Fu Hao's tomb......Page 231 3.27 Jade dragons......Page 232 3.28 Chariot burial, Guojiazhuang M52, Anyang......Page 236 3.29 Bronze bells of the type nao......Page 242 3.30 (a) Bronze boar, from Xiangtan, Hunan; (b) bronze elephant, said to be from Changsha......Page 243 3.31 Sanxingdui Pit 2 under excavation......Page 246 3.32 Bronze statue, from Sanxingdui Pit 2......Page 247 3.33 Bronzes from Sanxingdui Pit 2......Page 248 3.34 (a) Lei, from Yueyang, Hunan; (b) lei, from Sanxingdui Pit 2......Page 249 3.35 Jade blades, from Sanxingdui Pits i and 2......Page 250 3.36 Axes, from Lijiazui M2, Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei; Xin'gan, Jiangxi; and Linzheyu, Baode, Shanxi......Page 255 3.37 Knives and daggers from Fu Hao's tomb; Yantoucun,Suide, Shaanxi; Linzheyu, Baode, Shanxi......Page 256 3.38 Grave excavated in Jixian, Shanxi......Page 258 3.39 Objects from various finds at Shilou, Shanxi......Page 259 4.1 The royal genealogy recorded in late Shang sacrifice inscriptions......Page 266 4.2 Wu Ding harvest divination oracle-bone inscription......Page 270 4.3 Wu Ding harvest divination; inscription on back......Page 271 4.4 A full divination record oracle-bone inscription......Page 274 4.5 Childbirth oracle-bone inscriptions......Page 276 4.6 Late oracle-bone inscriptions......Page 278 4.7 Plan of the late Shang temple-palace foundations at Xiaotun, Anyang......Page 291 4.8 Beheaded victims in the south ramp of MIOOI at Xibeigang, Anyang......Page 296 4.9 Model showing the victims in the great tomb at Wuguancun, Anyang......Page 297 5.1 Da Yu ding inscription and vessel......Page 353 5.2 Hu gui inscription and vessel......Page 376 6.1 Vessels from Zhuangbai hoard......Page 393 6.2 Tian Wang gui vessel and inscription......Page 399 6.3 Comparison of sets of vessels......Page 402 6.4 Plan of tomb My at Zhuyuangou, Baoji, Shaanxi ......Page 404 6.5 Principal vessels from tomb My at Zhuyuangou, Baoji, Shaanxi......Page 405 6.6 Vessels from the Zhuangbai hoard......Page 408 6.7 Comparison of li with divided lobes (fendang If) with one with joined lobes (liandang li)......Page 412 6.8 Li gui vessel and inscription ......Page 420 6.9 Plan and reconstruction of building complex at Fengchu, Qishan, Shaanxi......Page 424 6.10 Plan of building and post holes at Shaochen, Fufeng, Shaanxi......Page 426 6.11 Chariot burials at Fengxi, Chang'an, Shaanxi......Page 428 6.12 Five gui and four ding, from a partially destroyed tomb at Zhifangtou, Baoji, Shaanxi......Page 430 6.13 Lei, from Zhuwajie, Pengxian, Sichuan......Page 431 6.14 Tubular you, from (a) tomb Ml3 at Zhuyuangou, Baoji Shaanxi, and (b) tomb M2 at Baicaopo, Lingtai, Gansu......Page 433 6.15 Inscribed Ying state vessels......Page 440 6.16 Bo Ju li, from tomb Mz^i at Liulihe, Fangshan, BeiJing......Page 443 6.17 Comparison of weapons and strings of beads from sites in the west and from Yan......Page 444 6.18 Bo Dong bronzes from Zhuangbai, Fufeng, Shaanxi......Page 448 6.19 Bronzes, from tomb Mi9 at Qjjia, Fufeng, Shaanxi......Page 450 6.20 Selected vessels from the tomb of a Yu Bo and accompanying burials at Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi......Page 452 6.21 Plan of the tomb of a Yu Bo and two accompanying burials at Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi......Page 453 6.22 Jades on the head and body, in tomb M3: at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi, with detail of the jades on the face......Page 456 6.23 Zun from Situ, Danyang, Jiangsu......Page 458 6.24 (a) Nao from southern China; (b) set of three bells from tomb Mi, Rujiazhuang, Baoji,Shannxi......Page 461 6.25 Three Neolithic jades showing human-like faces in combination with birds......Page 464 6.26 Plan of tomb Mi, Qiangjia, Fufeng, Shaanxi (a), vessel set from the tomb (b), and rubbings from some of the jades (c)......Page 468 6.27 Hu, from Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi......Page 474 6.28 Characteristic bronzes from Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi......Page 476 6.30 Jades from tomb M63 at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi......Page 479 7.1 Bronze stove from a cache at Rujiazhuang, Baoji,Shaanxi......Page 486 7.2 House model from tomb 306 at Potang, Shaoxing, Zhejiang......Page 488 7.3 Plan of architectural complex i at Majiazhuang, Fengxiang, Shaanxi......Page 492 7.4 Bronze fitting from a Qin palace building, found in a cache at Yaojiawan, Fengxiang, Shaanxi......Page 494 7.5 Pattern block, from the Houma foundry......Page 496 7.6 Zeng Zhongyoufu hu, from Sujialong, Jingshan, Hubei......Page 497 7.7 HuangZi hu, from tomb 2 at Shangguan'gang, Guangshan, Hena ......Page 498 7.8 Song Gong Luan fit from tomb i at Hougudui, Gushi, Henan ......Page 499 7.9 Hu, excavated at Liyu, Hunyuan, Shanxi......Page 500 7.10 Copper-inlaid Wei Zi Pengyufou, from tomb 2 at Xiasi, XiAuan, Henan......Page 501 7.12 Rectangular ha, from Lijialou, Xinzheng, Henan......Page 512 7.13 Chariot box, from tomb 89M7, Shangguo, Wenxi, Shanxi......Page 515 7.14 Inscription from one of five Qin Gong yongzhong excavated at Taigongmiao, Baoji, Shaanxi......Page 520 7.15 Typological development of funerary bronzes from Eastern Zhou period Qm Tombs......Page 522 7.16 Tomb 5 at Bianjiazhuang, Longxian, Shaanxi......Page 527 7.17 Houmu hu, from tomb 48 at Wangfutai, Quru, Shandong......Page 532 7.18 Xu with star-band pattern, from Huyao, Taihe, Anhui ......Page 539 7.19 Yanxinghe, from Yanshancun, Lu'an......Page 540 7.20 Lacquered wooden gui, from tomb 4 at Zhaoxiang, Dangyang, Hubei......Page 552 7.21 Cai Hou sheng, from the tomb of Cai Hou Shen at Ximennei, Shou Xian, Anhui......Page 556 7.22 Typologically indeterminate vessel (zun or gui) from Miaoqian, Qingyang, Anhui ......Page 564 7.23 Three-wheeled pan, from a cache at Yancheng, Wujin, Jiangsu......Page 565 7.24 Bronze stand for a "tomb-protecting animal" (zhenmushov) from tomb 3 at Lianqi, Tunxi, Anhui......Page 566 7.25 Wu Wang Gufajian, from Sanjiaoping, Yushe, Shanxi......Page 567 7.26 Inscription of the Yue Wang Fuchai jian, from tomb I at Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei......Page 568 7.27 You excavated at Yingkou, Yueyang, Hunan......Page 572 9.1 The "cloud ladder" for scaling walls, as depicted in ornamentation on a bronze vessel......Page 655 9.2 Warring States armor......Page 657 9.3 The iron helmet from Yan Xiadu......Page 658 10.1 Plan of the Zhoii royal city at Luoyang......Page 688 10.2 Plan of Linzi of Qi......Page 689 10.3 Plan of Xinzheng ofZheng and Hann......Page 690 10.4 PlanofwuyangofYan ......Page 691 10.5 Idealized plan of the "state capital" as described in the Kaogongji......Page 698 10.6 Remaining foundation ofLaomu Tai, at 'Wuyans, Yixian, Hebei......Page 699 10.7 Bronze door ring, from Laomu Tai, Wuyang......Page 700 10.8 Ritual activities centered on a ta.i platform......Page 703 10.9 Reconstruction of the Jique palace, Xianyang......Page 706 10.10 A set of zun and pan vessels, from tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 710 10.11 Inlaid bronzes, from the south......Page 712 10.12 Lacquer dou, from tomb i at Leigudun, Subdan, Hubei......Page 714 10.13 Inlaid bronze dou, from Fenshuiling, Changzhi, Shanxi ......Page 715 10.14 Inlaid hu, from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 716 10.15 Bronze figure, supporting bells, from tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 718 10.16 Bronze dragon, from Xiadu......Page 720 10.17 Tree-shaped lamp, from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 722 10.18 Tiger stand, from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 723 10.19 Inscribed bronze ding, from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 725 10.20 Typical designs of Warring States mirrors......Page 727 10.21 Inlaid mirrors, from Jincun, Henan......Page 728 10.22 Gilt and inlaid garment hook, from tomb 5 at Guweicun, Huixian, Henan......Page 730 10.23 Patterns on textiles, from Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei......Page 731 10.24 Jade ornament, from tomb i at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 732 10.25 Jade and gold pectoral from Jincun, Henan......Page 733 10.26 Three types of pictorial bronzes......Page 735 10.27 Duck-shaped lacquer box, from tomb i at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 736 10.28 Pictorial scenes on a lacquer box, from tomb 2 at Baoshan, Jingmen, Hubei......Page 738 10.31 "Design of the Mausoleum District" (Zhaoyu tu), from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 746 10.32 A reconstruction of tomb I at Zhongshan......Page 747 10.33 Plan of tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 754 10.34 Coffin ofZeng Hou Yi, in tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei......Page 756 10.35 Painted pottery "spirit vessels," from tomb 16 at Wuyang, Yixian, Hebei......Page 762 10.36 Black pottery "spirit vessel," from Zhongshan tomb I......Page 763 10.37 Plan af tomb i at Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan......Page 767 10.38 Figurines from Chu......Page 768 10.39 "Tomb guardian beast," from tomb I at Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan......Page 770 10.40 Painted coffin, from tomb I at Baoshan, Jingmen, Hubei......Page 774 10.41 Chu silk paintings, from Changsha......Page 775 12.1 Zeng Hou Yi lacquer clothes-case lid......Page 866 12.2 Astrological circle......Page 867 12.3 Cord-hook design......Page 869 12.4 Xingde, text B; cord-hook diagrams for the sexagenary cycle......Page 870 12.5 Sb.-ren cosmic board......Page 872 12.6 Nine-palace cosmic board......Page 874 12.7 Chu Silk manuscript......Page 878 12.8 Bibing tu......Page 903 12.9 Taiyi (Grand One) dagger-axe......Page 904 12.10 Daoyin tu.......Page 913 13.1 Northern Zone bronzes, second millennium B.C.......Page 926 13.2 Bronze objects of the Upper Xiajiadian culture (Nanshan'gen)......Page 949 13.3 Bronze daggers and Animal Style plaque from Maoqinggou......Page 967 13.4 Weapons, tools, and Animal Style ornamental objects from Yang Lang......Page 971 13.5 Statuette of warrior and bronze cauldron, Saka culture, Xinjiang......Page 975 13.6 Gold ornaments, Xiongnu culture, Aluchaideng......Page 987 13.7 Animal Style bronze ornaments, Xiongnu culture, Aluchaideng......Page 990 14.1 Oaths of alliance, written on stone, found at Wenxian, Henan......Page 1043 14.2 Map, on wood, showing topographical features and place-names, found at Fangmatan, Gansu ......Page 1045

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural, intellectual, political, and institutional developments of the pre-imperial period. The four subperiods of Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States, are described on the basis of literary and material sources and the evidence of recently found manuscripts. Chapters on the prehistoric background, the growth of language, and relations with the peoples of Central Asia provide the major context of China's achievements in the 1,500 years under review. The teachings of China's early masters are set alongside what is known of the methods of astonomers, physicians and diviners. A final chapter leads the reader forward to imperial times, as described in the volumes of The Cambridge History of China.

This book provides a survey of the cultural, intellectual, political, and institutional developments of the pre-imperial period. Chapters on the prehistoric background, the growth of language, and relations with the peoples of Central Asia provide the major context of China's achievements in the 1,500 years under review. The teachings of China's early masters are set alongside what is known of the methods of astronomers, physicians and diviners. A final chapter leads the reader forward to imperial times, as described in the volumes of The Cambridge History of China.