剑桥中国上古(先秦)史英文版:The.Cambridge.History.of.Ancient.China:From.the.Origins.of.Civilization.to.221.B.C

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural history of pre-imperial China. Fourteen leading specialists on early Chinese history and archaeology cover more than one thousand years. There are two chapters for each time-period - Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States: one on institutional history, based on both traditional and palaeographic literature, and one on material culture, based on archaeological evidence. There are also chapters on the Neolithic background, language, intellectual history, relations with Central Asia, and the debts of both the Qin and Han empires to these earlier time-periods. Although written by specialists, this Cambridge history aims to explain and describe pre-imperial China to an audience that will include scholars and students, as well as general readers without specialized knowledge of Chinese history. It can be consulted as a work of reference, or read continuously, alone or as part of The Cambridge History of China series. Cover 1 Title 5 Copy right 6 Content 7 Types of Bronze Vessels 23 Conventions 26 Abbreviations 29 Acknowledgments 30 Topography of China 32 Introduction 35 The Development of Historical Approaches and the Impact of Archaeology in the Study of Ancient China 36 The Sources 41 Literary Sources 41 Material Sources 44 China's Idealized Past 45 The Scope of the Present Volume 47 Calendar and Chronology 53 The Environment of Ancient China 64 Geography 64 Climate and Environment 67 1. China on the Eve of the Historical Period 71 The Palaeographic Stage of East Asia and Its Settlement by Humans 71 Beginnings of the Agricultural Way of Life 76 Regional Cultures of the Early Farmers 81 Formation of a Chinese Interaction Sphere and the Development of Regional Cultures 88 The "Ten Thousand States" on the Eve of the Historical Period 93 Mythology, China's Origins, and the Xia Dynasty 99 The Question of the Xia Dynasty 105 2. Language and Writing 108 The Chinese Language 109 The Chinese Script 140 3. Shang Archaeology 158 The Archaeology of the Shang Dynasty 160 The Archaeology of Bronze Metallurgy 170 The Early Bronze Age 192 4. The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty 266 Sources 267 Chronology 281 Time and the Calendar 283 Royal Shang Religion 285 The Dynastic State 303 Political and Military Developments 322 The Legacy of Shang 323 5. Western Zhou History 326 Sources 327 Legendary Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang 333 Inscriptional and Archaeological Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang 336 The Zhou Conquest of Shang 341 The Philosophical Foundation of Zhou Rule 347 Consolidation of Zhou Rule 351 The Middle Western Zhou Reforms 357 The Decline of the Zhou Royal House 362 The Development of the Late Western Zhou Worldview 365 The Decline and Fall of Western Zhou 376 The Legacy of Western Zhou 385 6. Western Zhou Archaeology 386 The Material Record 387 Pre-Conquest Shaanxi Province and the Zhou Conquest 409 Early Western Zhou 424 Middle Western Zhou 448 Late Western Zhou 467 Conclusion 480 7. The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770-481 B.C. 484 Settlement Sites and Activity Areas 487 Bronzes: General Stylistic and Technological Trends 497 Cemeteries and Tombs in Northern and Central Henan 504 Finds from Jin Cemeteries 515 Finds From Qin Cemeteries 520 The Cemeteries at Qufu 531 Tombs of the High Elite in the Eastern Part of the Zhou Realm 535 The Middle Han River Basin 544 Early Chu Finds 548 The Southeastern Regional Cultures 559 Other Southern Regional Cultures 573 The Northern and Northeastern Regions 576 Conclusion 576 8. The Spring and Autumn Period 579 The Fall of the Western Zhou 579 The Beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period 581 The Formation of the Ba System 585 A Multistate System 596 Social Developments 600 Changes in State Structure 604 Economic Developments 609 Intellectual Developments 617 Conclusion 620 9. Warring States: Political History 621 Sources 622 The States 627 The Ruler-Centered Stare 631 Institutions of the Warring Stares 637 The Formation of a Multisrate World 650 The Military Arts 654 Alliances and Persuaders 666 Scholars and the State 675 Human Geography 679 10. The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period 685 Art and Architecture of the Living 687 Art and Architecture for the Dead 741 11. The Classical Philosophical Writings 779 Sources 779 The Political Context 781 Basic Concepts 782 Confucius 786 Mozi 793 Fourth Century: Yang Zhu, Zi Huazi 799 Mencius 804 The Sophists 813 Zhuangzi 817 Xunzi 824 Han Feizi, Laozi, Legalism, and Daoism 833 The Lu Shi chunqiu and Correlative Thinking 842 12. Warring Stares Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought 847 Definitions and Sources 849 Warring States Natural Experts and Occultists and Their Texts 854 Astrology and the Calendar 865 Turtle and Milfoil Divination 886 Yin-Yang and Five Phases 894 Religion and Magic 900 Medicine 908 Conclusion 917 13. The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China 919 Periodization of the Northern Zone Cultures 922 The Northern Frontier in the Second Millennium B.C. 927 Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.) 943 Mid-Spring and Autumn Period to the Mid-Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.) 958 Late Warring States ro Qm (ca. 350-209 B.C.) 985 14. The Heritage Left to the Empires 1001 The Creation of Empire and Its Hazards 1003 The Lessons of the Past 1005 Religious Rites 1012 The Teachings of the Masters 1016 The Tradition of Kingship 1022 A Sense of Unity 1025 Institutional Norms and Administrative Practice 1036 Cities, Palaces, and Royal Shrines and Tombs 1058 Conclusion 1065 Bibliography 1067 Index 1147 MAPS 15 1 Topography of China 32 1.1 Major regional cultures in China around 5000 B.C.recognized by archaeology 83 2.1 Sites associated with Sino-Tibetan language family 119 3.1 Archaeological sites of the Early Bronze Age 162 4.1 Shang sites in the Xiaotun core area 310 5.1 Sites related to Zhou prio to the conquest of Shang 338 5.2 Zhou military campqigns under Kings Wen and Wu 342 5.3 Major Zhou colonies 347 6.1 Archaeological sites of the Western Zhou period 388 6.2 Archaeological sites in the Zhouyuan 391 7.1 Archaeological sites of the Spring and Autumn period 486 8.1 Major states of the Spring and Autumn period 582 9.1 Major states of the Warring States period 628 9.2 The expansion of Qin ca.350-249 B.C. 670 13.1 Northem Zone:Archaeological sites of the second millennium B.C. 931 13.2 Northern Zone:Archaeological sites of the Western and early Eastern Zhou periods (1000-650 B.C.) 949 13.3 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites of the “early nomadic period” (ca. 650-350 B.C.) 962 13.4 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites in Xinjiang 976 13.5 Northern Zone: Archaeological sites of the fourth phase (350-209 B.C.) 988 TABLES 16 1 Reign dates 59 2.1 Comparison of words in the Sino-Tibetan language family 113 2.2 Old Chinese Sbi jing finals 138 2.3 Old Chinese ganzhi initials 139 2.4 Chinese characters commonly viewed as pictographic 145 2.5 Paronomastic (rebus) usages of Chinese zodiographs 149 2.6 Examples of semantic determinative usages 153 4.1 Diviner groups: Periodization and chronology 274 7.1 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Guo cemetery at Shangcunling,Sanmenxia, Henan 507 7.2 Bronze assemblages excavated from Spring and Autumn period Qin aristocratic tombs 526 7.3 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Xue cemetery at Xuecheng, Tengzhou, Shandong 538 7.4 Bronze assemblages excavated at the Yuan lineage cemetery at Xiasi, Xichuan, Henan 556 FIGURES 16 1 Principal types of Shang and Zhou bronze vessels 24 1.1 The site of Zhoukoudian,Beijing 74 1.2 Ripened ears of foxtail millet, common millet, and rice 78 1.3 Artifacts of Peiligang and Cishan cultures of early millet farmers in North china 79 1.4 Painted pottery vessels of the Yangshao culture 84 1.5 The Puyang shaman and two animals 85 1.6 Engraved designs on Hemudu pottery vessels 87 1.7 A“Large grave” in the Taosi cemetery, Xiangfen, Shanxi, a Longshan culture site 95 1.8 A Liangzhu culture burial with many ritual jades 96 1.9 Liangzhu jades engraved with shaman's animals 97 1.10 Longshan culture period inscriptions on pottery 99 2.1 Examples of clan-name insignia graphs 148 3.1 Diagram showing the relationship between the ding of Fig. 3.2 and the mold used to cast it 177 3.2 Bronze ding, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei 180 3.3 Bronze jia, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi Hubei 182 3.4 Bronze gui, from Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei 184 3.5 Bronze drum, from Chongyang, Hubei 185 3.6 Bronze zun, from Funan, Anhui 186 3.7 Bronze jia, said to be from Anyang 187 3.8 Bronze bu, said to be from Anyang 188 3.9 Bronze fangyi, provenance unknown 189 3.10 (a) Bronze be, from Panlongcheng;(b) bronze be, one of a set of three from Xibeigang Miooi 190 3.11 Palace foundation no. I at Erlitou 193 3.12 Bronze weapons from Erlitou 195 3.13 Bronze vessels from Erlitou 196 3.14 Jades from Erlitou 198 3.15 Plan of Lijiazui M2, Panlongcheng 203 3.16 Bronze fangding, from Xin'gan, Jiangxi 207 3.17 Bronze jue, from Feixi, Anhui 210 3.18 Bronze pou, from Chenggu, Shaanxi 213 3.19 Human faces in bronze 214 3.20 Plans of Xibeigang cemetery 220 3.21 Xibeigang MIOOI, plan and north-south section 222 3.22 Xibeigang MIOOI, shaft floor, showing nine sacrificial burials 223 3.23 Xibeigang MIOOI, shaft floor during excavation, 1935 224 3.24 Fu Hao's comb 229 3.25 Bronzes of northern style from Fu Hao's tomb 232 3.26 Three-dimensional jade animals from Fu Hao's tomb 233 3.27 Jade dragons 234 3.28 Chariot burial, Guojiazhuang M52, Anyang 238 3.29 Bronze bells of the type nao 244 3.30 (a) Bronze boar, from Xiangtan, Hunan; (b) bronze elephant, said to be from Changsha 245 3.31 Sanxingdui Pit 2 under excavation 248 3.32 Bronze statue, from Sanxingdui Pit 2 249 3.33 Bronzes from Sanxingdui Pit 2 250 3.34 (a) Lei, from Yueyang, Hunan; (b) lei, from Sanxingdui Pit 2 251 3.35 Jade blades, from Sanxingdui Pits i and 2 252 3.36 Axes, from Lijiazui M2, Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Hubei; Xin'gan, Jiangxi; and Linzheyu, Baode, Shanxi 257 3.37 Knives and daggers from Fu Hao's tomb; Yantoucun,Suide, Shaanxi; Linzheyu, Baode, Shanxi 258 3.38 Grave excavated in Jixian, Shanxi 260 3.39 Objects from various finds at Shilou, Shanxi 261 4.1 The royal genealogy recorded in late Shang sacrifice inscriptions 268 4.2 Wu Ding harvest divination oracle-bone inscription 272 4.3 Wu Ding harvest divination; inscription on back 273 4.4 A full divination record oracle-bone inscription 276 4.5 Childbirth oracle-bone inscriptions 278 4.6 Late oracle-bone inscriptions 280 4.7 Plan of the late Shang temple-palace foundations at Xiaotun, Anyang 293 4.8 Beheaded victims in the south ramp of MIOOI at Xibeigang, Anyang 298 4.9 Model showing the victims in the great tomb at Wuguancun, Anyang 299 5.1 Da Yu ding inscription and vessel 355 5.2 Hu gui inscription and vessel 378 6.1 Vessels from Zhuangbai hoard 395 6.2 Tian Wang gui vessel and inscription 401 6.3 Comparison of sets of vessels 404 6.4 Plan of tomb My at Zhuyuangou, Baoji, Shaanxi 406 6.5 Principal vessels from tomb My at Zhuyuangou, Baoji, Shaanxi 407 6.6 Vessels from the Zhuangbai hoard 410 6.7 Comparison of li with divided lobes (fendang If) with one with joined lobes (liandang li) 414 6.8 Li gui vessel and inscription 422 6.9 Plan and reconstruction of building complex at Fengchu, Qishan, Shaanxi 426 6.10 Plan of building and post holes at Shaochen, Fufeng, Shaanxi 428 6.11 Chariot burials at Fengxi, Chang'an, Shaanxi 430 6.12 Five gui and four ding, from a partially destroyed tomb at Zhifangtou, Baoji, Shaanxi 432 6.13 Lei, from Zhuwajie, Pengxian, Sichuan 433 6.14 Tubular you, from (a) tomb Ml3 at Zhuyuangou, Baoji Shaanxi, and (b) tomb M2 at Baicaopo, Lingtai, Gansu 435 6.15 Inscribed Ying state vessels 442 6.16 Bo Ju li, from tomb Mz^i at Liulihe, Fangshan, BeiJing 445 6.17 Comparison of weapons and strings of beads from sites in the west and from Yan 446 6.18 Bo Dong bronzes from Zhuangbai, Fufeng, Shaanxi 450 6.19 Bronzes, from tomb Mi9 at Qjjia, Fufeng, Shaanxi 452 6.20 Selected vessels from the tomb of a Yu Bo and accompanying burials at Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi 454 6.21 Plan of the tomb of a Yu Bo and two accompanying burials at Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi 455 6.22 Jades on the head and body, in tomb M3: at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi, with detail of the jades on the face 458 6.23 Zun from Situ, Danyang, Jiangsu 460 6.24 (a) Nao from southern China; (b) set of three bells from tomb Mi, Rujiazhuang, Baoji,Shannxi 463 6.25 Three Neolithic jades showing human-like faces in combination with birds 466 6.26 Plan of tomb Mi, Qiangjia, Fufeng, Shaanxi (a), vessel set from the tomb (b), and rubbings from some of the jades (c) 470 6.27 Hu, from Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi 476 6.28 Characteristic bronzes from Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi 478 6.29 Some bronzes from tomb M8 at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi 480 6.30 Jades from tomb M63 at Tianma-Qucun, Houma, Shanxi 481 7.1 Bronze stove from a cache at Rujiazhuang, Baoji,Shaanxi 488 7.2 House model from tomb 306 at Potang, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 490 7.3 Plan of architectural complex i at Majiazhuang, Fengxiang, Shaanxi 494 7.4 Bronze fitting from a Qin palace building, found in a cache at Yaojiawan, Fengxiang, Shaanxi 496 7.5 Pattern block, from the Houma foundry 498 7.6 Zeng Zhongyoufu hu, from Sujialong, Jingshan, Hubei 499 7.7 HuangZi hu, from tomb 2 at Shangguan'gang, Guangshan, Hena 500 7.8 Song Gong Luan fit from tomb i at Hougudui, Gushi, Henan 501 7.9 Hu, excavated at Liyu, Hunyuan, Shanxi 502 7.10 Copper-inlaid Wei Zi Pengyufou, from tomb 2 at Xiasi, XiAuan, Henan 503 7.11 Altar stand from tomb 2., at Xiasi, Xichuan, Henan 504 7.12 Rectangular ha, from Lijialou, Xinzheng, Henan 514 7.13 Chariot box, from tomb 89M7, Shangguo, Wenxi, Shanxi 517 7.14 Inscription from one of five Qin Gong yongzhong excavated at Taigongmiao, Baoji, Shaanxi 522 7.15 Typological development of funerary bronzes from Eastern Zhou period Qm Tombs 524 7.16 Tomb 5 at Bianjiazhuang, Longxian, Shaanxi 529 7.17 Houmu hu, from tomb 48 at Wangfutai, Quru, Shandong 534 7.18 Xu with star-band pattern, from Huyao, Taihe, Anhui 541 7.19 Yanxinghe, from Yanshancun, Lu'an 542 7.20 Lacquered wooden gui, from tomb 4 at Zhaoxiang, Dangyang, Hubei 554 7.21 Cai Hou sheng, from the tomb of Cai Hou Shen at Ximennei, Shou Xian, Anhui 558 7.22 Typologically indeterminate vessel (zun or gui) from Miaoqian, Qingyang, Anhui 566 7.23 Three-wheeled pan, from a cache at Yancheng, Wujin, Jiangsu 567 7.24 Bronze stand for a "tomb-protecting animal" (zhenmushov) from tomb 3 at Lianqi, Tunxi, Anhui 568 7.25 Wu Wang Gufajian, from Sanjiaoping, Yushe, Shanxi 569 7.26 Inscription of the Yue Wang Fuchai jian, from tomb I at Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei 570 7.27 You excavated at Yingkou, Yueyang, Hunan 574 9.1 The "cloud ladder" for scaling walls, as depicted in ornamentation on a bronze vessel 657 9.2 Warring States armor 659 9.3 The iron helmet from Yan Xiadu 660 10.1 Plan of the Zhoii royal city at Luoyang 690 10.2 Plan of Linzi of Qi 691 10.3 Plan of Xinzheng ofZheng and Hann 692 10.4 PlanofwuyangofYan 693 10.5 Idealized plan of the "state capital" as described in the Kaogongji 700 10.6 Remaining foundation ofLaomu Tai, at 'Wuyans, Yixian, Hebei 701 10.7 Bronze door ring, from Laomu Tai, Wuyang 702 10.8 Ritual activities centered on a ta.i platform 705 10.9 Reconstruction of the Jique palace, Xianyang 708 10.10 A set of zun and pan vessels, from tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 712 10.11 Inlaid bronzes, from the south 714 10.12 Lacquer dou, from tomb i at Leigudun, Subdan, Hubei 716 10.13 Inlaid bronze dou, from Fenshuiling, Changzhi, Shanxi 717 10.14 Inlaid hu, from Zhongshan tomb I 718 10.15 Bronze figure, supporting bells, from tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 720 10.16 Bronze dragon, from Xiadu 722 10.17 Tree-shaped lamp, from Zhongshan tomb I 724 10.18 Tiger stand, from Zhongshan tomb I 725 10.19 Inscribed bronze ding, from Zhongshan tomb I 727 10.20 Typical designs of Warring States mirrors 729 10.21 Inlaid mirrors, from Jincun, Henan 730 10.22 Gilt and inlaid garment hook, from tomb 5 at Guweicun, Huixian, Henan 732 10.23 Patterns on textiles, from Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei 733 10.24 Jade ornament, from tomb i at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 734 10.25 Jade and gold pectoral from Jincun, Henan 735 10.26 Three types of pictorial bronzes 737 10.27 Duck-shaped lacquer box, from tomb i at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 738 10.28 Pictorial scenes on a lacquer box, from tomb 2 at Baoshan, Jingmen, Hubei 740 10.29 Horse chariot mural, in Xianyang palace no. 3 741 10.31 "Design of the Mausoleum District" (Zhaoyu tu), from Zhongshan tomb I 748 10.32 A reconstruction of tomb I at Zhongshan 749 10.33 Plan of tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 756 10.34 Coffin ofZeng Hou Yi, in tomb I at Leigudun, Suixian, Hubei 758 10.35 Painted pottery "spirit vessels," from tomb 16 at Wuyang, Yixian, Hebei 764 10.36 Black pottery "spirit vessel," from Zhongshan tomb I 765 10.37 Plan af tomb i at Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan 769 10.38 Figurines from Chu 770 10.39 "Tomb guardian beast," from tomb I at Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan 772 10.40 Painted coffin, from tomb I at Baoshan, Jingmen, Hubei 776 10.41 Chu silk paintings, from Changsha 777 12.1 Zeng Hou Yi lacquer clothes-case lid 868 12.2 Astrological circle 869 12.3 Cord-hook design 871 12.4 Xingde, text B; cord-hook diagrams for the sexagenary cycle 872 12.5 Sb.-ren cosmic board 874 12.6 Nine-palace cosmic board 876 12.7 Chu Silk manuscript 880 12.8 Bibing tu 905 12.9 Taiyi (Grand One) dagger-axe 906 12.10 Daoyin tu. 915 13.1 Northern Zone bronzes, second millennium B.C. 928 13.2 Bronze objects of the Upper Xiajiadian culture (Nanshan'gen) 951 13.3 Bronze daggers and Animal Style plaque from Maoqinggou 969 13.4 Weapons, tools, and Animal Style ornamental objects from Yang Lang 973 13.5 Statuette of warrior and bronze cauldron, Saka culture, Xinjiang 977 13.6 Gold ornaments, Xiongnu culture, Aluchaideng 989 13.7 Animal Style bronze ornaments, Xiongnu culture, Aluchaideng 992 14.1 Oaths of alliance, written on stone, found at Wenxian, Henan 1045 14.2 Map, on wood, showing topographical features and place-names, found at Fangmatan, Gansu 1047

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural, intellectual, political, and institutional developments of the pre-imperial period. The four subperiods of Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States, are described on the basis of literary and material sources and the evidence of recently found manuscripts. Chapters on the prehistoric background, the growth of language, and relations with the peoples of Central Asia provide the major context of China's achievements in the 1,500 years under review. The teachings of China's early masters are set alongside what is known of the methods of astonomers, physicians and diviners. A final chapter leads the reader forward to imperial times, as described in the volumes of The Cambridge History of China.

This book provides a survey of the cultural, intellectual, political, and institutional developments of the pre-imperial period. Chapters on the prehistoric background, the growth of language, and relations with the peoples of Central Asia provide the major context of China's achievements in the 1,500 years under review. The teachings of China's early masters are set alongside what is known of the methods of astronomers, physicians and diviners. A final chapter leads the reader forward to imperial times, as described in the volumes of The Cambridge History of China.