The Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology)

Families, Communities, And Societies Influence Children's Learning And Development In Many Ways. This Is The First Handbook Devoted To The Understanding Of The Nature Of Environments In Child Development. Utilizing Urie Bronfenbrenner's Idea Of Embedded Environments, This Volume Looks At Environments From The Immediate Environment Of The Family (including Fathers, Siblings, Grandparents, And Day-care Personnel) To The Larger Environment (including Schools, Neighborhoods, Geographic Regions, Countries, And Cultures). Understanding These Embedded Environments And The Ways In Which They Interact Is Necessary To Understand Development. -- Page 4 Of Cover. Contents Note Continued: 11.understanding The Developmental Influences Of The Family Environment / Craig T. Ramey -- 12.measuring The Environments Of Early Care, Education, And Intervention Programs For Children In Poverty / Laura Stout Sosinsky -- 13.school Influences On Human Development / Robert W. Roeser -- 14.siblings And Peers In The Adult-child-child Triadic Context / Sybil L. Hart -- 15.neighborhood Environments: A Multimeasure, Multilevel Approach / Scott Coltrane -- 16.rural Versus Urban Environments / Robert H. Bradley -- 17.poverty: Current Research And New Directions / Hadas Eidelman -- 18.social Networks / Mary J. Levitt -- 19.marital Health / Lauren M. Papp -- 20.parental Psychopathology: A Developmental Perspective On Mechanisms Of Transmission / Cindy Decoste -- 21.the Environment Of Children Of Illicit Drug Users: Its Conceptualization, Examination, And Measurement / Stacey B. Daughters -- Contents Note Continued: 22.early Exposure To Trauma: Domestic And Community Violence / Alicia F. Lieberman -- 23.child Maltreatment: A Pathogenic Relational Environment Across Development / Andrea L. Gold -- 24.the Cultural Organization Of Children's Environments / Charles M. Super -- 25.children And Electronic Media / Sandra L. Calvert -- Pt. Iv Measurement -- 26.parenting Behavior As The Environment Where Children Grow / Ruth Feldman -- 27.home Inventory / Robert H. Bradley -- 28.measurement And Model Building In Studying The Influence Of Socioeconomic Status On Child Development / Kelly Bridges -- 29.assessment Of Parental Psychopathology And Adaptive Functioning / Thomas M. Achenbach -- 30.assessment Of Social Support, Social Network, And Social Capital / Brenda K. Bryant -- 31.stress Reactivity In Child Development Research: Indices, Correlates, And Future Directions / W. Thomas Boyce -- 32.mixed Model Analyses For Repeated-measures Data / David L. Molfese. Edited By Linda Mayes, Michael Lewis. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development Title Copyright Contents Notes on Contributors The Role of Environments in Development: An Introduction Models of Development Trait or Status Model The Environmental Model The Interactional Model Types of Environments “Material” or Constructed Environments Structure of the Chapters References Part I THE “ENVIRONMENTAL” VARIABLE CHAPTER 1 Proximal to Distal Environments in Child Development: Theoretical, Structural, Methodological, and Empirical Considerations Introduction Child-Environment Interactions Roles of Experience Measurement of the Environment, Phenomenology, and Development Bioecological Theory The Person The Proximal Environment of Child Development Microsystem DIRECT FAMILY EFFECTS – HERITABILITY DIRECT FAMILY EFFECTS – EXPERIENCES INDIRECT FAMILY EFFECTS: EXPERIENCE FAMILY EFFECTS: SIBLINGS Effects of the Natural and Designed Environments Distal Environments of Child Development Mesosystem, Exosystem, and Macrosystem Peers Day Care Socioeconomic Status Culture Conclusions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 2 Risk and Adversity in Developmental Psychopathology: Progress and Future Directions Risk Factors and Cumulative Risk Index Stressful Life Events and Adversity Exposure Methodological and Conceptual Issues Definitions and Assessment of Risk Longitudinal Analyses of Risk and Adversity Effects Specificity and the Unique Contribution of Different Risk and Adversity Factors Interaction Effects between Different Sources of Risk and Adversity Ethical Issues Conclusion Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 3 Maternal Care as the Central Environmental Variable 1. Introduction: Mothers in Focus 2. Maternal Care 3. Mother and Child Moving toward Independence The First Three months Four to (about) Eight Months Nine to Eighteen Months Becoming a Conversational Partner Summary 4. The Relation between Maternal Care and Infant Development The Impact of Postnatal Depression and Maternal Anxiety 5. Methodological Considerations in the Measurement of Maternal Care 6. Concluding Remarks Notes References CHAPTER 4 Novel Assessment Techniques Aimed at Identifying Proximal and Distal Environmental Risk Factors for Children and Adolescents Assessment of Proximal Risk Factors Ecological Momentary Assessment Utility of EMA with School Aged Children Use of EMA to Identify Environmental Risks for Infants Methodological Considerations Use of EMA to Identify Environmental Risks for Infants Assessment of Home Environment The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Structured Parent-Child Interactions Dynamic Systems Approach to Assessing Parent-Child Interactions Methodological Considerations for Observational Assessments Assessment of Distal Risk Factors Systematic Social Observation Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Technology Methodological Considerations for Neighborhood Assessments Summary and Conclusions References Part II CONTEMPORARY THEMES CHAPTER 5 Beyond the Dyad A Classification of Extradyadic Social Influences The Presence of Other People The Integration of the Dyad within Social Networks Social Experiences and Relationships outside the Dyad Social Influence on Perceptions of Dyadic partners: Social referencing The Social Network Social Network Systems Model ELEMENTS INTERCONNECTION OF ELEMENTS NONADDITIVITY STEADY STATE GOALS References CHAPTER 6 Social Agents and Genes: Comments on the Ontogenesis of the “Social Genome” Social Agents: What Are They, and How Do They Impact the Genome? Diet Climate Lifestyles Schooling Family An Emerging Picture: A Concluding Commentary Acknowledgments Notes References CHAPTER 7 The Dynamic Systems Perspective: What Is the System? Systems Theories The Dynamic Systems Approach What Is the System? State Space Grids Predicting Developmental Outcomes with Real-time Variability Perturbing the System Longitudinal Change and Stability Summary Conclusions Notes References CHAPTER 8 New Approaches to the Notion of “Environmental Risk” Introduction Classification of Different Types of Risks Demographics Parenting Practices, Attitudes, and Beliefs Maternal Mental Health Home Environment Neighborhood Environmental Toxins The Effects of Risk on Child Development: Cumulative Risk Model Which Children Are More Negatively Affected by Risks? Are the Effects of Cumulative Risks Similar across Childhood? Does the Quality of Risks versus the Quantity of Risks Drive the Risk Model? Are Interventions Such as the IHDP Effective for At-Risk Children? Directions for Future Research and Policy Implications Recursive Partitioning Resilient Children Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 9 Environment across Time Environment as Ecology What Is the Organization of the Environment? What Is the Animate Character of the Environment? How Does the Environment Change over Time? How Does an Individual Affect His or Her Environment? Development of the Environment: Ecological View Interactions among Structural Components of Environment. Environment and Development Structure of Time Development of the Environment Temporal Structures STABILITY CHANGE FLUCTUATION STRUCTURED CHANGE Ecological Analysis of Environment across Time Development in the Moment: Microanalytic Analysis of Child and Environment SOCIAL INTERACTION PHYSIOLOGY Development within Regular Contexts SOCIAL CONTEXTS: FAMILIES AND PEERS SCHOOLS AND NEIGHBORHOOD INSTITUTIONS MEMORY NATURAL AND MAN-MADE DISASTERS Development within Enduring Contexts CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND PRACTICES RACE AND ETHNICITYC SOCIAL/ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES CHRONIC ILLNESS Development and Environments with Nonlinear Time Structures PHYSIOLOGY AND CIRCADIAN PROCESSES SLEEP ORGANIZATION SOCIAL NOVELTY AND SHYNESS Development within Reliably Changing Contexts: Developmental Transitions PUBERTY ACCULTURATION Concluding Remarks References Part III ENVIRONMENTS CHAPTER 10 Parental Care and Attachment The Significance of Parenting for Personality Development Patterns of Parenting Parenting versus Genetics The Current Case for Socialization Attachment Theory Individual Differences in Patterns of Infant Attachment in Infancy and Preschool Internal Working Models of Attachment Longitudinal Studies of Early Attachment Patterns Assessing the Working Model of Attachment The Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Genetic Factors Mediating the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Environmental Factors Mediating the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Attachment and Parental Behavior Parent-child Attachment Representations The Pedagogical Stance, Attachment, and the Parenting Environment Factors Moderating the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Parental Psychopathology The Parental Couple Relationship Summary and Conclusion References CHAPTER 11 Understanding the Developmental Influences of the Family Environment Introduction: Taxonomy as a Framework for Advancing Knowledge about Family Influences on Child Development Defining the Family and the Family Environment Fundamental Assumptions and Definitions The Family: A Unit or a Changing Collection of Subunits? Level of Analysis Family Behavior and Functional Domains The Creation of a Family Environment and Home Moving from All-encompassing Conceptual Frameworks to Difficult Choices about Empirical Inquiry Family Outcomes and the Identification of “Successful” Families External and Demographic Influences on the Family Environment Examples of Research Focused on the Family Environment Diversity among Families Living in Poverty: An Illustration of How Typologies Can Be Applied in Studying Children’s Development Trajectories Conclusion References CHAPTER 12 Measuring the Environments of Early Care, Education, and Intervention Programs for Children in Poverty Poverty, School Readiness, and Later Educational Achievement Effects of Early Care and Education Evidence from Model Programs Evidence from Large-Scale Programs Processes of ECE Program Effectiveness Teacher-child Interactions and Relationships Program Characteristics Child and Family Characteristics Effects of Two-Generation Programs Effects on Parent Education, Employment, and Self-Sufficiency Effects on Parent Mental and Physical Health Effects on Parent-Child Interaction, Relationship Quality, and the Home Environment Measuring the Early Care, Education, and Intervention Environments Conclusions References CHAPTER 13 School Influences on Human Development A Multilevel Theoretical Perspective on Schools as Contexts Assumptions in Our Approach Levels of Organization in Schools: Level 1: Academic Tasks and Instruction Level 2: Activity Structures and Groups Level 3A: Teacher Beliefs Level 3B: Instructional Practices Level 3C: Teacher-Student Relationships Level 3: Summary Level 4: Academic Tracks/Curricular Differentiation Level 5: Schools as Organizations Level 6: School Home/Community Linkages Conclusions References CHAPTER 14 Siblings and Peers in the Adult-Child-Child Triadic Context Parallels and Distinctions between Sibling and Peer Relationships Parental Involvement in Children’s Relationships Parents among Siblings Parents and Caregivers among Peers Indirect Effects on the Child’s Relationships and Social Competencies Implications for Future Research References CHAPTER 15 Neighborhood Environments: A Multimeasure, Multilevel Approach Defining the Neighborhood: It Depends Whom You Ask Defining Boundaries and Characteristics of Neighborhoods Census-Based Approaches to Boundaries and within-Neighborhood Processes Advantages of the Census Level Approach Limitations and Disadvantages of a Census-Level Approach Systematic Social Observations Advantages of Systematic Social Observations Disadvantages of Systematic Social Observations Perceptions of Residents as Measures of Neighborhood Boundaries and Features Advantages of Perception-Based Assessments Disadvantages of Perception-Based Assessments Ethnographic Approaches to Neighborhood Assessment Advantages of Ethnographic Approaches Disadvantages of Ethnographic Approaches New Designs and Measurement Strategies: GIS and Spatial Analysis of Neighborhoods Advantages of GIS Approaches Disadvantages of GIS Approaches Beyond Description of Neighborhoods: Experimental Demonstration Studies as an Approach to Understanding Causal Processes Advantages of Experimental Demonstration Studies Disadvantages of Experimental Demonstration Studies Combination Designs Using Mixed Methods Continuing Problems in the Measurement of Neighborhoods Measurement of Neighborhoods as Dynamic Contexts Selection Bias The Omitted Variable Problem Beyond Poor/Urban Neighborhoods Beyond Single Processes or Single Neighborhood Characteristics Policy Implications of Neighborhood Research Conclusions Notes References CHAPTER 16 Rural versus Urban Environments Introduction How Different Is Daily Life in Urban and Rural Communities? What Does Living in a Rural versus an Urban Environment Mean for Adults? What Does Living in Rural versus Urban Environments Mean for Children? What Does Living in Rural versus Urban Environments Mean for Parenting and Family Relationships? Final Considerations References CHAPTER 17 Poverty: Current Research and New Directions Definitions of Poverty and of the Environment Income Poverty Poverty and Cooccurring Environmental Risk New and Emerging Multidiscipline Research on the Effects of Poverty Basic Sciences Psychology, Sociology, Economics SOCIOLOGY ECONOMICS PSYCHOLOGY Innovation in Prevention and Intervention Summary and Conclusions References CHAPTER 18 Social Networks I. Theoretical Perspectives and Research on Network Development Bryant: Autonomy and Connectedness Cochran: The Ecology of Extrafamilial Social Networks Tietjen: Social Networks and Cultural Competence Furman and Buhrmester: Network of Relationships and Social Provisions Hinde and Stevenson-Hinde: Levels of complexity Lewis: The Social Matrix Takahashi: The Affective Relationships Model Kahn and Antonucci: The Convoy Model II. Conceptual and Methodological Issues Problems of Definition Choice of Informants and Reliability and Validity Issues Network Boundary Issues Relevance of Specific Network Characteristics Assessing Network Functions and Providers Personal and Contextual Influences The Role of Cognition Change Processes and Problems of Measuring Change Articulation with Other Research on Relationships III. Unique and Emerging Trends in Network Research Social Network Closure Observational Studies Specialized Populations Cyberspace Networks Intervention/Mentoring IV. Summary and Future Research Directions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 19 Marital Health Defining Marital Health Components of Marital Health from the Children’s Perspective Destructive Marital Conflict Constructive Conflict Direct and Indirect Pathways: Marital Health and Child Outcomes Direct Pathways Indirect Pathways Broader Environmental Contexts: Relations between Marital Health and Child Adjustment Mental Health of Parents: Parental Adjustment Problems Divorce and Remarriage Child Characteristics Cultural and Community Contexts Future Directions in Marital Health as a Context for Child Development Sibling Relationships Considering Family Environment and Genetics Together Longitudinal Designs and Methodological Variety Conclusions References CHAPTER 20 Parental Psychopathology: A Developmental Perspective on Mechanisms of Transmission Introduction The Fluctuating Nature of Parental Psychopathology Timing of Episode Chronicity and Recurrence Situational versus Global Psychopathology The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Diagnosis Symptom Constellation, Severity and Comorbidity Pathways of Influence Prior to the Birth of the Child Genetic Pathways Biological Pathways Prebirth Psychological Characteristics Pathways of Influence after the Birth of the Child Parental Psychopathology during Infancy Parental Psychopathology during Toddlerhood and Preschool Years Parental Psychopathology during School-age and Adolescent Years Social Learning and the Acquisition of Subclinical Cognitions, Affect and Behavior Moderating and Mediating Factors Parental Substance Abuse: A Unique Psychiatric Disorder Contextual Factors Parental Substance Abuse and Pathways of Influence Parenting Behavior and Dyadic Adjustment Paternal Psychopathology: An Underrepresented Area of Research Conclusions Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 21 The Environment of Children of Illicit Drug Users: Its Conceptualization, Examination, and Measurement Distinguishing Illicit Drug versus Alcohol Using Environments Parenting Maladaptive Infant Interactions: Abuse and Neglect Assessment of Parent-Child Interactions and Maternal Perceptions Parenting Behaviors: An Overview of Risk and Protective Factors Parental Involvement, Monitoring, and Discipline Assessment of Parenting Practices Abuse Neglect and Absenteeism Family Environment Modeling Drug Use Behavior and Attitudes Conflict, Communication, and Cohesion Assessment of Conflict, Communication, and Cohesion Social Network Parent’s Social Network Assessment of a Parent’s Social Network Child’s Social Network Assessment of Peer Social Network Social Network: Conclusion Neighborhood Crime, Violence, and Poverty Assessment of Neighborhood Risk Discussion and Future Directions Cumulative Risk Model Environmental Context-Specific Factors Age and Gender Assessment Technique References CHAPTER 22 Early Exposure to Trauma: Domestic and Community Violence The Scope of the Problem: Exposure and Risk Exposure to Stress and Violence Environmental Risk Factors for Exposure to Violence Regulatory Processes and the Child’s Internal Environment The Development of the Normal Stress Response internal Environments in the Presence of Stress and Trauma Children’s Outcomes: Mediators, Moderators, and Context Children’s Internal Environments Parenting Factors Bidirectional Effects of Parent and Child Behavior and Functioning Intergenerational Patterns of Transmission Other Family Factors Broader Cultural Factors Conclusion: Assessing Exposure and Intervening to Restore Children’s Positive Developmental Trajectories References CHAPTER 23 Child Maltreatment: A Pathogenic Relational Environment across Development Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect Models for Understanding the Etiology of Child Maltreatment Parent and Child Development in Interaction Parent Development and Risk for Child Maltreatment Is Young Parental Age Associated with Increased Risk for Child Maltreatment? How Does the Development of Parental Psychopathology Influence Risk for Maltreatment? MAJOR DEPRESSION ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE Child Development and Risk for Child Maltreatment What Is the Incidence of Maltreatment by Child Age? What Are Possible Reasons Why Child Age May Be Associated with Risk for Maltreatment? Developmental Trends in Antisocial Behavior Does Youth Antisocial Behavior Influence Risk for Physical Maltreatment? Conclusion Notes References CHAPTER 24 The Cultural Organization of Children’s Environments Conceptualizations of Culture in Anthropology Concepts of Culture in Psychology Culture Is Part of the “macrosystem” Culture and the Individual Are Part of Each Other Culture Is a Social Address Cultures Can Be Categorized as “individualistic” or “collectivistic” A Culture Is a Unique Collection of Unrelated Beliefs, Practices, and Values Psychological Theories of Culture in Anthropological Perspective Integrative Frameworks The Developmental Niche Physical and Social Settings Customs and Practices of Care Psychology of the Caretakers Three Corollaries Cultural Themes The Directive Force of Parental Ethnotheories Understanding the Cultural Organization of Children’s Environments References CHAPTER 25 Children and Electronic Media Children’s Media Environments Media Access and Penetration Media Exposure Why Do Youth Use Media? Effects of Media on Children’s Developmental Outcomes Directions for Future Research Conclusion References Part IV MEASUREMENT CHAPTER 26 Parenting Behavior as the Environment Where Children Grow I. Formulating the Language for a Behavior Observation System The Architecture of Social Interactions Assessing Developmental Process Distinguishing Normative from Pathological Interactions Evaluating Change Following Intervention Psychometric Properties of the CIB System II. Findings: What Have We Learned from Observing Parent-Child Interactive Behavior Normative Processes from Birth to Adolescence: Developmental Change, Correlates, and Prediction Relational Patterns from Birth to Childhood: Developmental Psychopathology BIOLOGICAL RISK SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL RISK Change in Relational Patterns Following Intervention Summary References CHAPTER 27 HOME Inventory History and Purpose Scale Characteristics Content Administration and Scoring Psychometric Properties The Context of Child Rearing Access to Resources and HOME Scores Parental History and Personality Relations with Other Measures of Parenting and Family Environment Child Well-Being Language, Cognitive Functioning and Achievement Social Development and Adaptive Behavior Health CULTURAL ISSUES Program Evaluation Final Comments on HOME Other Measures of the Home Environment Dedication References CHAPTER 28 Measurement and Model Building in Studying the Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Child Development Issues in Measuring Socioeconomic Status Approaches to Measuring Socioeconomic Status Measuring SES Using a Composite Index Measuring SES Using Multiple Separate Indicators Measuring SES Using a Single Scale Measuring SES as a Categorical Variable Issues in Modeling the Influence of Socioeconomic Status Approaches to Modeling the Influence of Socioeconomic Status SES as a Linear Predictor throughout Its Range SES as a Predictor across a Partial Range (threshold Effects) SES as a Moderator SES as an Outcome or Mediator A Transactional Approach to Modeling the Influence of SES Conclusion References CHAPTER 29 Assessment of Parental Psychopathology and Adaptive Functioning Assumptions That Parental Characteristics Cause Major Child Psychopathology “Biases” in Parents’ Reports of Child Psychopathology The “Depression-Distortion” Hypothesis Correlations between Reports by Different Informants Using Data from Multiple Informants Clinical Applications of Parent Assessment Advantages of Including Parents in Family-Based Assessment Cross-Informant Comparisons of Parents Showing Cross-Informant Comparisons to Parents Meeting Multicultural Challenges A Multicultural Perspective Assessing Immigrant Children and Parents Research Applications of Parent Assessment New Directions for Research on Assessment of Parent Psychopathology Comparing Parent and Child Psychopathology Testing Genetic and Environmental Influences on Relations between Parent and Child Psychopathology Testing Predictions of Child Psychopathology from Measures of Parent Psychopathology Testing Effects of Parental Psychopathology on Child Treatment Testing Outcomes of Parental Psychopathology in Relation to Child Treatment Summary and Conclusions References CHAPTER 30 Assessment of Social Support, Social Network, and Social Capital Introduction Multidimensional Nature of Social Support, Social Network, and Social Capital Concept of Support Concept of Social Network Concept of Social Capital Competing Developmental Requirements Impacts Assessment of Support “Support and Autonomy” “Support and Control” Context Impacts Assessment of Support Accessibility and Frequency Value of the Subjective Perspective Relationship Context Provider Intended Support vs. Recipient Perceived Support Approaches to Measuring Focus Group Method: Example Studying Support for Chronic Illness The Social Provisions Model: Foundation for Several Quantitative Measures of Support The Social Provisions Scale SOCIAL PROVISIONS SCALE – PARENT VERSION (SPS-P) THE SOCIAL CONTACT RECORD THE SOCIAL SUPPORT ELICITATION BEHAVIOR CODE THE SOCIAL SUPPORT BEHAVIOR CODE Partner Sensitive Responsiveness Measure Network of Relationship Inventory The Integrated Questionnaire Measurement of Social Capital (SC-IQ) The Arizona Social Support Inventory The Children’s Inventory of Social Support The Arizona Social Support Inventory as Adapted by Kaufman (1991) for Use with Children “My Family and Friends” The Network Interview Social Network Matrix The Neighborhood Walk The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale The Adult Kinship Relations Measure Youth-Nominated Support Team Social Climate Scales NEGOPY Social Network Computer Program Developmental Adaptations for Assessing Social Support and Social Networks Summary Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 31 Stress Reactivity in Child Development Research: Indices, Correlates, and Future Directions Indices of Stress Response and Their Developmental Correlates Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Integrative ANS Measures Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Promising Future Directions Conclusion Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 32 Mixed Model Analyses for Repeated-Measures Data Purpose Introduction Repeated-Measures Analysis Benefits of Mixed Models Example 1: Repeated-Measures within Participant Example 2: Longitudinal Data Software Conclusion References Index