The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 4: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c.525 to 479 BC

The first section of this volume examines the Persian empire, the regions it comprised, and its expansion under Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes. In Greece, Sparta attained maturity as the leader of a military coalition and Athens passed through a period of enlightened tyranny to a moderate democracy of dynamic energy and intelligence. Given the contrast between Greek idealism and Persian absolutism a clash between the two empires was inevitable. Important chapters deal with the revolt of Ionian Greeks against the Persians, and the two Persian invasions of Greece including epic battles at Marathon, Tthermopylae, and Salamis. The book's third part turns to the Western Mediterranean: Italy becomes a significant factor in the area's historical development and is explored in terms of its peoples and languages from the Bronze to the Iron Ages. Cover Title Copyright Contents List of maps List of text-figures List of chronological tables Preface PART I THE PERSIAN EMPIRE CHAPTER 1 The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses I. The dimensions of the subject II. The sources in general 1. Primary sources 2. 'Edited' primary source 3. Important secondary sources 4. Less important secondary and later sources III. The Medes and the earliest Persians 1. The sources for this period 2. Western Iran's emergence from prehistory 3. Iran and the Neo-Assyrians The Medes Parsua/Persians 4. The Median state The Royal house The Scythians 5. Fact and legend summarised IV. The rise of the Persians to imperial power under Cyrus the Great 1. The earliest Achaemenids 2. Cyrus the Great: military activities and conquests The consolidation of Persia and the fall of Media The war against Lydia Campaigns in the east The conquest of Babylon Cyrus' imperial organisation, building programme and death V. Further imperial expansion under Cambyses CHAPTER 2 The consolidation of the empire and its limits of growth under Darius and Xerxes I. Darius and the re-establishment of Achaemenid power II. The aftermath of the great rebellion III. Further expansion under Darius 1. India and the east 2. Europe and the west IV. The reign of Xerxes: an end to expansion 1. Rebellion in Egypt 2. Revolt in Babylon 3. Xerxes after Plataea V. Further imperial expansion under Cambyses VI. Imperial organization and cultural achievement 1. The central government 2. The satrapies or peoples 3. The armed forces 4. Law and economics 5. Religion 6. Political philosophy and social organisation 7. Art and architecture CHAPTER 3 The major regions of the empire CHAPTER 3a Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes I. Sources II. Cyrus and Cambyses III. Darius IV. Xerxes V. Concllusion CHAPTER 3b Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid rule I. Introduction II. Outline of political history III. Demography and Persian policy towards ethnic groups IV. Imperial government and administration 1. Phoenician city states 2. The provinces 3. The 'Arabs' CHAPTER 3c Central Asia and Eastern Iran I. Central Asia on the eve of the Achaemenid conquest 1. Geographical survey 2. The historical background and the Achaemenid period II. The Achaemenid conquest, organization, administration and exploitation of Central Asia 1. The conquest of Central Asia by Cyrus II 2. Cambyses and the accession of Darius I: the revolts of 522-521 3. The stabilisation of Central Asia under Darius I and Xerxes I (520-465) 4. The part played by Central Asia in the Achaemenid empire III. The economy, society and culture of Central Asia in Achaemenid times 1. Irrigation agriculture 2. Social organisation: nomadic tribes and sedentary 'feudalism' 3. Central Asian culture in Achaemenid times CHAPTER 3d The Indus lands CHAPTER 3e Anatolia I. Communications II. Sardis and Lydia III. Dascylium, Greco-Persian monuments IV. The south coast: Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia 1. Caria 2. Lycia 3. Pamphylia V. Cilicia VI. Phrygia VII. Pontus, Cappadocia, Commagene, Armenia CHAPTER 3f Persia in Europe, apart from Greece I. The nature of our information II. The expedition of Darius c. 513 B.C. III. The extension of the satrapy in Europe IV. The organization and the influence of Persian power in Europe CHAPTER 3g Egypt 525-404 B.C. A NOTE ON SOURCES Greek Hieroglyphic Demotic Secondary Sources Aramaic POSTSCRIPT 1985 PART II THE GREEK STATES CHAPTER 4 The tyranny of the Pisistratidae CHAPTER 5 The reform of the Athenian state by Cleisthenes I. Events 511/10 to 507/6 B.C. II. The reform of the constitution 1. Demes 2. Regions and trittyes 3. Tribes 4. Council and magistrates III. Motives and effects IV. In the wake of the reforms: Athens 507/6 to 480 B.C. 1. The Council and the people 2. Generals and army 3. Ostracism and internal politics 507/6 to 480/79 B.C CHAPTER 6 Greece before the Persian invasion I. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League II. Argos and the Peloponnesian League III. The reign of Cleomenes IV. Boeotia and Euboea V. Cleomenes and Athens VI. The Aegean islands VII. Sparta and Argos VIII. Aegina CHAPTER 7 Archaic Greek society CHAPTER 7a Religion and the state CHAPTER 7b The development of ideas, 750 to 500 B.C. CHAPTER 7c Material culture I. The tyrants' Athens II. Athens after the tyrants III. The rest of Greece IV. Pictures and politics V. Wat VI. Peace CHAPTER 7d Coinage CHAPTER 7e Trade CHAPTER 8 The Ionian Revolt I. Introduction II. Sources and evidence III. Ionia and Persia IV. The Ionian Revolt CHAPTER 9 The expedition of Datis and Artaphernes I. The nature of the sources II. The Persian base in Europe III. The situation in Greece IV. The Persian offensive V. The campaign and battle of Marathon NOTES CHAPTER 10 The expedition of Xerxes I. Athens between the invasions by Persia II. Persian preparations and the advance to Therma in Macedonia III. The organization of Greek resistance and the expedition to Tempe IV. Thermopylae and Artemisium 1. The evacuation and the concentration on war at sea 2. The re-deployment of the state's manpower V. The Persian advance and the sack of Athens VI. The battle of Salamis and the retreat of Xerxes NOTES CHAPTER 11 The liberation of Greece PART III THE WEST CHAPTER 12 Italy from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age I. Introduction II. Chronology: Italy from the sixteenth to the tenth centuries B.C. III. Late Bronze Age economy and society 1. The Middle and decent Bronze Ages 2. The Final Bronze Age IV. The Proto-Villanovan culture 1. Definition 2. Proto-Villanovan-Villanovan continuity CHAPTER 13 The Etruscans I. Introduction: the nature of the evidence II. The Villanovan culture: the Etruscans in the ninth and eighth centuries 1. Introduction 2. South of the Apennines 3. North of the Apennines III. The 'Orientalizing' period: c. 720-580 1. Etruscan thalassocracy 2. Genesis of the Orientalising movement: Pithecusa and Cyme 3. Consolidation: Demaratus IV. The archaic period: c. 580-480 1. Political and social change in south Etruria 2. Expansion 3. Decline CHAPTER 14 The Iron Age: the peoples of Italy I. Apulia and its peoples II. The Mid-Adriatic region III. The Italic expansion IV. The Ligures CHAPTER 15 The languages of Italy CHAPTER 16 Carthaginians and Greeks I. Cultures and culture in sixth-century Sicily II. Sixth-century clashes between Punics and Greeks in western Sicily III. The rise of Sicilian tyrannies: the case of Selinus IV. The rise of Gela and Hippocrates' empire V. Gelon's empire and the battle of Himera VI. Society and culture at Acragas and Syracuse in the early fifth century B.C. Chronological tables la The East and Greece Ib Sicily II The Persians and the Greeks at war III Literary and artistic events IV Italy from the sixteenth to the tenth centuries B.C. V Italy from the tenth to the fourth centuries B.C. VI Sparta: list of kings VII Macedon: list of kings VIII The Deinomenids of Sicily BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations Bibliography A. General B. The Persian empire I. Persia and its empire II. Mesopotamia (a) General (b) Documentary texts of the period of Chapter 3a III. Syria-Palestine IV. Central Asia V. India VI. Anatolia VII. Europe VIII. Egypt C. The Greek states I. General II. Athens III. Greece outside Athens IV. The Persian Wars V. Religion, philosophy and law VI. Material culture VII. Coinage D. The West I. General II. Italy III. Languages of ancient Italy IV. Carthage and Sicily This fourth volume in the Cambridge Ancient History centres on events in Greece and Persia in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, from the creation of the Persian empire to the defeat of the empire's invasion of Greece. The first section of the volume examines the Persian empire, its territories, and its expansion under Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes. Second, in this era, Sparta attained maturity as the leader of a military coalition and Athens passed through a period of enlightened tyranny to a moderate democracy of dynamic energy and intelligence. Given the contrast between Greek idealism and Persian absolutism a clash between the two empires was inevitable. Important chapters deal with the revolt of Ionian Greeks against the Persians, and the two Persian invasions of Greece, including the epic battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis. The third division of the volume turns to the Western Mediterranean: Italy has now become a significant factor in the area's historical development and is explored in terms of its peoples and languages from the Bronze to the Iron Ages. Over the past half century The Cambridge Ancient History has established itself as a definitive work of reference. The original edition was published in twelve text volumes between 1924 and 1939. Publication of the new edition began in 1970. Every volume of the old edition has been totally re-thought and re-written with new text, maps, illustrations and bibliographies. Some volumes have had to be expanded into two or more parts and the series has been extended by two extra volumes (XIII and XIV) to cover events up to AD 600, bringing the total number of volumes in the set to fourteen. Existing plates to the volumes are available separately. *Profusely illustrated with maps, drawings and tables. *Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the history of the ancient Mediterranean and Near East from prehistoric times to AD 600 by an international cast of editors and contributors