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Orr & Kitching - The Butterflies of Australia......Page 1 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 About the Authors......Page 10 Part 1: The biology of butterflies......Page 11 Butterflies as Insects......Page 12 Butterflies and Moths - the Order Lepidoptera......Page 13 Ancient origins......Page 14 A Few Words on Names......Page 16 The Colours of Butterflies......Page 17 Lifespan......Page 18 The caterpillar......Page 20 The adult......Page 23 Adult Life, Sex and Reproduction......Page 24 The reproductive system......Page 25 Discovery of the Australian Butterfly Fauna......Page 28 Butterfly Families and Identification......Page 31 What Family?......Page 34 Where Are Our Butterflies Found?......Page 35 Endemism and isolation......Page 36 The northern connection......Page 37 The effect of altitude......Page 38 Vertical stratification and localisation within forests......Page 39 When to Look for Butterflies......Page 42 Food Plants - the Butterfly’s Prey......Page 44 Feeding habits......Page 45 Specialisation......Page 46 Poisonous plants......Page 47 Mimicry......Page 48 Danaines and pyrrolizidine alkaloids......Page 50 Competing for Food and Mates......Page 51 Natural Enemies......Page 53 Predators......Page 54 Parasitoids......Page 56 Butterflies as pollinators......Page 57 Ant-caterpillar interactions......Page 58 Butterfly Conservation......Page 62 Butterfly Gardening......Page 64 Larval food plants......Page 65 Butterfly Pests......Page 66 Becoming a Lepidopterist......Page 67 Sizes of adult butterflies......Page 70 Part 2: The butterflies......Page 71 5. Family Hesperiidae - Skippers......Page 72 Subfamily Pyrginae - Flats......Page 73 Regent Skipper and Other Flats......Page 74 Red-eyes and Relatives and the Western Flat......Page 76 Subfamily Coeliadinae - Awls......Page 78 Awls 1......Page 79 Awls 2......Page 80 Subfamily Trapezitinae - Ochres and their allies......Page 82 Ochres 1......Page 84 Ochres 2......Page 85 Ochres 3......Page 86 Ochres 4......Page 88 Ochres 5......Page 90 Tropical Grass Skippers and the Blue-flash Skipper......Page 92 Southern Grass Skippers 1......Page 94 Southern Grass Skippers 2......Page 96 Northern Grass Skippers 2 and Shield Skippers......Page 98 Ornate Sedge Skippers 1......Page 100 Ornate Sedge Skippers 2......Page 101 Southern Sedge Skippers......Page 102 Northern Sedge Skippers......Page 104 Southern Brown Skippers......Page 106 Sand Skippers 1......Page 108 Sand Skippers 2......Page 110 Iris Skippers......Page 112 Subfamily Hesperiinae - Darters, Swifts and their allies......Page 114 The Banded Demon and Tropical Rainforest Swifts......Page 116 Grass Darts 1......Page 118 Grass Darts 2......Page 120 Grass Darts 3......Page 122 Darters 1......Page 123 Darters 2......Page 124 Palm Darts......Page 126 Rice Skippers, Pelopidas and Their Allies......Page 128 6. Family Papilionidae - Swallowtails, Birdwings, Triangles and Swordtails......Page 130 Swordtails......Page 132 Blue Triangle......Page 133 Triangles and Macleay’s Swallowtail......Page 134 Chequered and Dingy Swallowtails......Page 136 Ambrax and Orchard Butterflies......Page 138 Ulysses Butterfly and Tailed Citrus and Northern Citrus Swallowtails......Page 140 Richmond Birdwing......Page 142 Cairns and Cape York Birdwings......Page 144 Big Greasy......Page 146 Red-bodied Swallowtail......Page 148 7. Family Pieridae - Whites and Yellows......Page 149 Subfamily Coliadinae - Yellows......Page 151 Migrants......Page 152 Grass Yellows 1......Page 154 Grass Yellows 2......Page 156 Subfamily Pierinae - Whites and Jezabels......Page 158 Cabbage White......Page 159 Pearl Whites......Page 160 Albatrosses and Gulls......Page 162 Caper White and Psyche......Page 164 Southern Jezabels......Page 166 Rainforest Jezabels......Page 168 Jezabels 3......Page 170 Common Jezabel......Page 172 8. Family Nymphalidae - Nymphs and their allies......Page 173 Subfamily Danainae - Tigers and Crows......Page 175 Common Crow......Page 176 Tropical Crows......Page 178 Wanderer, Lesser Wanderer and Orange Tiger......Page 180 Black and White, Brown and Blue Tigers......Page 182 Subfamily Tellervinae - Hamadryad......Page 184 Subfamily Satyrinae - Browns......Page 186 Ringlets and Dingy Ring......Page 188 Bushbrowns......Page 190 Evening Brown and Palmfly......Page 192 Larger Southern Mountain Browns......Page 194 Southern Browns......Page 196 Southern Alpine Xenicas......Page 198 Southern Xenicas and Forest Browns......Page 200 Swordgrass Browns......Page 202 New Guinea Butterflies - Enriching our fauna......Page 204 Subfamily Amathusiinae - Owls......Page 205 Subfamily Charaxinae and Apaturinae - Emperors......Page 206 Subfamily Acraeinae - Glasswings......Page 208 Subfamily Heliconiinae - Cruisers and Lacewings......Page 210 Subfamily Argynninae - Fritillaries and their allies......Page 212 Subfamily Limenitinae - Aeroplanes......Page 214 Subfamily Nymphalinae - Nymphs......Page 216 Meadow Argus, Blue Argus and Brown Soldier......Page 218 Painted Lady and Australian Admiral......Page 220 Eggflies......Page 222 White Nymph, Leafwing and Lurcher......Page 224 Subfamily Libytheinae - Beaks......Page 226 9. Family Lycaenidae - Blues, Coppers and Hairstreaks......Page 227 Subfamily Riodininae - Metalmarks......Page 230 Subfamily Liphyrinae - Moth butterflies......Page 231 Subfamily Theclinae - Hairstreaks......Page 232 Ant Blues......Page 234 Jewels 1......Page 236 Jewels 2......Page 238 Jewels 3......Page 240 Jewels 4......Page 242 Diggles’ Jewel and the Forest Blues......Page 244 Butterflies evolving with ants......Page 245 Moonbeams......Page 246 Coppers......Page 248 Oakblues......Page 250 Bright-blue Azures......Page 252 Ground Azures......Page 254 Large Azures......Page 256 Deep-blue and Purple Azures......Page 258 Australian Hairstreak......Page 259 Imperial Blues 1......Page 260 Imperial Blues 2......Page 262 Imperial Blues 3......Page 264 Tits and Sword-tailed Flash......Page 265 Flashes and Cornelians......Page 266 Subfamily Polyommatinae - Blues......Page 268 Pencilled Blues......Page 270 Dusky Blues and Yellow-spot Blue......Page 272 Rayed Blues and Opals......Page 274 Green-banded Blues and Ceruleans......Page 276 Lineblues 1......Page 278 Lineblues 2......Page 280 Ciliate Blues and Theclinesthes 1......Page 282 Heath Blues and Theclinesthes 2......Page 284 Pea Blues and the Zebra Blue......Page 286 Grass Blues......Page 288 Some Northern Rainforest Blues......Page 290 Books on Butterflies......Page 292 Websites......Page 293 References on Plants......Page 294 Index......Page 295 Appendix 1 - Checklist of Australian butterflies......Page 307 Appendix 2 - Larval host plants of Australian butterflies......Page 315 Orr & Kitching - The Butterflies of Australia 1 Contents 6 Preface 8 About the Authors 10 Part 1: The biology of butterflies 11 1. Introducing the butterflies 12 Butterflies as Insects 12 Butterflies and Moths - the Order Lepidoptera 13 Ancient origins 14 A Few Words on Names 16 The Colours of Butterflies 17 The Life Cycle of the Butterfly 18 Lifespan 18 The egg 20 The caterpillar 20 The chrysalis 23 The adult 23 Adult Life, Sex and Reproduction 24 The reproductive system 25 2. The Australian butterflies and their habitats 28 Discovery of the Australian Butterfly Fauna 28 Butterfly Families and Identification 31 What Family? 34 Where Are Our Butterflies Found? 35 Where Did They Come From? 36 Continental Drift or invasion from elsewhere? 36 Endemism and isolation 36 The northern connection 37 The human impact 38 Where to Look for Butterflies in the Landscape 38 The effect of altitude 38 Vertical stratification and localisation within forests 39 When to Look for Butterflies 42 3. Relationship with plants and other animals 44 Food Plants - the Butterfly’s Prey 44 Feeding habits 45 Specialisation 46 Poisonous plants 47 Warning coloration 48 Mimicry 48 Danaines and pyrrolizidine alkaloids 50 Competing for Food and Mates 51 Natural Enemies 53 Predators 54 Parasitoids 56 Pathogens 57 Butterfly Mutualisms 57 Butterflies as pollinators 57 Ant-caterpillar interactions 58 4. Butterflies and humans 62 Butterfly Conservation 62 Butterfly Gardening 64 Providing adult food 65 Larval food plants 65 Butterfly Pests 66 Becoming a Lepidopterist 67 Notes on using this book 70 The distribution maps 70 Sizes of adult butterflies 70 Part 2: The butterflies 71 5. Family Hesperiidae - Skippers 72 Subfamily Pyrginae - Flats 73 Regent Skipper and Other Flats 74 Red-eyes and Relatives and the Western Flat 76 Subfamily Coeliadinae - Awls 78 Awls 1 79 Awls 2 80 Subfamily Trapezitinae - Ochres and their allies 82 Ochres 1 84 Ochres 2 85 Ochres 3 86 Ochres 4 88 Ochres 5 90 Tropical Grass Skippers and the Blue-flash Skipper 92 Southern Grass Skippers 1 94 Southern Grass Skippers 2 96 Northern Grass Skippers 2 and Shield Skippers 98 Ornate Sedge Skippers 1 100 Ornate Sedge Skippers 2 101 Southern Sedge Skippers 102 Northern Sedge Skippers 104 Southern Brown Skippers 106 Sand Skippers 1 108 Sand Skippers 2 110 Iris Skippers 112 Subfamily Hesperiinae - Darters, Swifts and their allies 114 The Banded Demon and Tropical Rainforest Swifts 116 Grass Darts 1 118 Grass Darts 2 120 Grass Darts 3 122 Darters 1 123 Darters 2 124 Palm Darts 126 Rice Skippers, Pelopidas and Their Allies 128 6. Family Papilionidae - Swallowtails, Birdwings, Triangles and Swordtails 130 Swordtails 132 Blue Triangle 133 Triangles and Macleay’s Swallowtail 134 Chequered and Dingy Swallowtails 136 Ambrax and Orchard Butterflies 138 Ulysses Butterfly and Tailed Citrus and Northern Citrus Swallowtails 140 Richmond Birdwing 142 Cairns and Cape York Birdwings 144 Big Greasy 146 Red-bodied Swallowtail 148 7. Family Pieridae - Whites and Yellows 149 Subfamily Coliadinae - Yellows 151 Migrants 152 Grass Yellows 1 154 Grass Yellows 2 156 Subfamily Pierinae - Whites and Jezabels 158 Cabbage White 159 Pearl Whites 160 Albatrosses and Gulls 162 Caper White and Psyche 164 Southern Jezabels 166 Rainforest Jezabels 168 Jezabels 3 170 Common Jezabel 172 8. Family Nymphalidae - Nymphs and their allies 173 Subfamily Danainae - Tigers and Crows 175 Common Crow 176 Tropical Crows 178 Wanderer, Lesser Wanderer and Orange Tiger 180 Black and White, Brown and Blue Tigers 182 Subfamily Tellervinae - Hamadryad 184 Subfamily Satyrinae - Browns 186 Ringlets and Dingy Ring 188 Bushbrowns 190 Evening Brown and Palmfly 192 Larger Southern Mountain Browns 194 Southern Browns 196 Southern Alpine Xenicas 198 Southern Xenicas and Forest Browns 200 Swordgrass Browns 202 New Guinea Butterflies - Enriching our fauna 204 Subfamily Amathusiinae - Owls 205 Subfamily Charaxinae and Apaturinae - Emperors 206 Subfamily Acraeinae - Glasswings 208 Subfamily Heliconiinae - Cruisers and Lacewings 210 Subfamily Argynninae - Fritillaries and their allies 212 Subfamily Limenitinae - Aeroplanes 214 Subfamily Nymphalinae - Nymphs 216 Meadow Argus, Blue Argus and Brown Soldier 218 Painted Lady and Australian Admiral 220 Eggflies 222 White Nymph, Leafwing and Lurcher 224 Subfamily Libytheinae - Beaks 226 9. Family Lycaenidae - Blues, Coppers and Hairstreaks 227 Subfamily Riodininae - Metalmarks 230 Subfamily Liphyrinae - Moth butterflies 231 Subfamily Theclinae - Hairstreaks 232 Ant Blues 234 Jewels 1 236 Jewels 2 238 Jewels 3 240 Jewels 4 242 Diggles’ Jewel and the Forest Blues 244 Butterflies evolving with ants 245 Moonbeams 246 Coppers 248 Oakblues 250 Bright-blue Azures 252 Ground Azures 254 Large Azures 256 Deep-blue and Purple Azures 258 Australian Hairstreak 259 Imperial Blues 1 260 Imperial Blues 2 262 Imperial Blues 3 264 Tits and Sword-tailed Flash 265 Flashes and Cornelians 266 Subfamily Polyommatinae - Blues 268 Pencilled Blues 270 Dusky Blues and Yellow-spot Blue 272 Rayed Blues and Opals 274 Green-banded Blues and Ceruleans 276 Lineblues 1 278 Lineblues 2 280 Ciliate Blues and Theclinesthes 1 282 Heath Blues and Theclinesthes 2 284 Pea Blues and the Zebra Blue 286 Grass Blues 288 Some Northern Rainforest Blues 290 Further reading and societies 292 Books on Butterflies 292 Journals and Societies 293 Websites 293 References on Plants 294 Index 295 Appendix 1 - Checklist of Australian butterflies 307 Appendix 2 - Larval host plants of Australian butterflies 315 A complete guide to Australian butterflies, with hundreds of beautiful illustrations in typical habitats.The world over people love butterflies but few understand much more about them than their physical beauty. Butterflies of Australia offers a unique guide to help identify the nearly 400 species to which our continent plays host but with its focus on living butterflies, it is much more than an identification guide.Within its pages is a concise but broad, non-technical introduction to butterfly biology, history, ecology, evolution and conservation. Hundreds of meticulous illustrations show adult butterflies in life, flying or perched, among the plants and animals of their natural habitat, while others document the Australian butterfly species, with beautiful diagnostic half-wing illustrations of pinned specimens. It also explains and illustrates much of the known behaviour and ecology of Australian butterflies, and in so doing meets the needs of both the butterfly watcher and general nature lover.Butterflies of Australia presents a remarkable blend of natural history, science and art. With a copy as guide the reader can appreciate the charm and purpose underlying butterflies'far from frivolous lives. "The world over people love butterflies but few understand much more about them than their physical beauty. The Butterflies of Australia offers a unique guide to help identify the nearly 400 species to which Australia plays host but with its focus on living butterflies, it is much more than an identification guide. Within its pages is a concise but broad, non-technical introduction to butterfly biology, history, ecology, evolution and conservation. Hundreds of meticulous illustrations show adult butterflies in life, flying or perched, among the plants and animals of their natural habitat, while others document the Australian butterfly species, with beautiful diagnostic half-wing illustrations of pinned specimens. It also explains and illustrates much of the known behaviour and ecology of Australian butterflies, and in so doing meets the needs of both the butterfly watcher and general nature lover."--Publisher's description Butterflies of Australia offers a unique guide to help identify the nearly 400 species to which our continent plays host; but with its focus on living butterflies, it is much more than an identification guide. Within its pages is a concise but broad, non-technical introduction to butterfly biology, history, ecology, evolution and conservation