The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World (December 2009) (ATTiCA)

"By their very nature, inventions change the status quo. The innovations highlighted in this book have done so in a most dramatic, memorable, or effective fashion. Through engaging narrative and accompanying images, this volume gives readers a deeper appreciation for the inventions that have made their lives easier, more aesthetically pleasing, or otherwise better."-- Provided by publisher. The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World (December 2009) (ATTiCA)......Page 1 Copyright......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 5 Introduction......Page 12 ORIGINS IN SUMERIA......Page 21 AKKADIAN CUNEIFORM......Page 23 IN ANCIENT EGYPT......Page 25 IN ANCIENT GREECE......Page 27 THE GREEK ALPHABET......Page 29 THE LATIN ALPHABET......Page 32 PARCHMENT AND VELLUM......Page 34 PAPER......Page 37 ORIGINS IN CHINA......Page 40 REINVENTION IN EUROPE......Page 42 PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 46 ANTECEDENTS......Page 47 HELIOGRAPHY......Page 48 DAGUERREOTYPE......Page 49 PREELECTRIC TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS......Page 51 THE MORSE SYSTEM......Page 52 THE TELEPHONE......Page 54 EARLY SOUND TRANSMITTERS......Page 55 GRAY AND BELL: THE TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH......Page 56 THE PHONOGRAPH......Page 62 THE GRAPHOPHONE AND GRAMOPHONE......Page 63 THE RACE TO MARKET......Page 64 COIN SLOTS AND HOME PHONOGRAPHS......Page 66 SEQUENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 68 EDISON’S KINETOGRAPH AND KINETOSCOPE......Page 69 THE CINÉMATOGRAPHE......Page 71 HERTZ: RADIO-WAVE EXPERIMENTS......Page 72 MARCONI’S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH......Page 73 THE FLEMING DIODE AND DE FOREST AUDION......Page 74 TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH......Page 75 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS......Page 76 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS......Page 79 THE TRANSISTOR......Page 82 MOTIVATION AND EARLY RADAR RESEARCH......Page 83 INNOVATION AT BELL LABS......Page 84 THE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE......Page 87 THE PERSONAL COMPUTER......Page 90 THE INTERNET......Page 95 THE WHEELED CHARIOT......Page 102 FROM ROWED VESSELS TO SAILS......Page 104 TYPES OF SAILS......Page 106 THE COMPASS......Page 109 THE STEAMBOAT......Page 113 FULTON’S STEAMBOAT......Page 114 THE RAILROAD......Page 116 THE STOCKTON AND DARLINGTON RAILWAY......Page 117 THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY......Page 119 FROM VELOCIPEDES TO BONESHAKERS......Page 121 THE PENNY-FARTHING......Page 122 THE SAFETY BICYCLE......Page 123 THE AUTOMOBILE......Page 124 THE FOUR-STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE......Page 125 KARL BENZ......Page 126 GOTTLIEB DAIMLER......Page 127 THE AIRPLANE......Page 128 EARLY EXPERIMENTS......Page 129 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS......Page 130 THE SPACE LAUNCHER......Page 133 TSIOLKOVSKY, GODDARD, AND OBERTH......Page 134 FROM THE V-2 TO THE ICBM......Page 135 THE JETLINER......Page 137 GPS......Page 141 CONTROLLED FIRE......Page 144 THE WATERWHEEL......Page 146 THE WINDMILL......Page 149 THE STEAM ENGINE......Page 153 GALVANI AND VOLTA......Page 158 APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS......Page 160 THE ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND MOTOR......Page 161 THE INCANDESCENT LIGHTBULB......Page 163 EARLY PRECURSORS......Page 167 MODERN STEAM TURBINES......Page 168 THE GASOLINE ENGINE......Page 170 THE JET ENGINE......Page 173 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR......Page 178 THE LASER......Page 180 THE WIND TURBINE......Page 184 THE SOLAR CELL......Page 187 THE FUEL CELL......Page 190 THE ARCH......Page 192 ORIGINS IN THE POST AND LINTEL......Page 193 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCH......Page 194 BRICK......Page 196 THE ROMANS......Page 198 EARLY DAMS OF EAST ASIA......Page 199 THE 15TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY IN EUROPE......Page 200 THE AQUEDUCT......Page 201 THE ROMAN DOME......Page 204 PLUMBING......Page 207 THE PAVED ROAD......Page 209 THOMAS TELFORD......Page 210 JOHN LOUDON MCADAM......Page 211 REINFORCED CONCRETE......Page 212 THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE......Page 214 DYNAMITE......Page 216 THE SKYSCRAPER......Page 219 THE ELEVATOR......Page 225 HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING......Page 227 THE SMALLPOX VACCINE......Page 231 GENERAL ANESTHESIA......Page 235 PASTEURIZATION......Page 237 X-RAY IMAGING......Page 239 INSULIN......Page 242 ANTIBIOTICS......Page 244 BLOOD TRANSFUSION......Page 246 POLIO VACCINE......Page 250 THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL......Page 253 HEART TRANSPLANTATION......Page 256 GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 262 CLONING......Page 264 EARLY CLONING EXPERIMENTS......Page 265 REPRODUCTIVE CLONING......Page 266 THERAPEUTIC CLONING......Page 269 THE SPEAR......Page 272 THE BOW AND ARROW......Page 273 THE EARLY BOW......Page 274 ARROWS......Page 277 GUNPOWDER......Page 278 EARLY RIFLING......Page 280 MINIÉ RIFLES......Page 281 THE SUBMARINE......Page 284 RECOIL......Page 288 BLOWBACK......Page 290 THE ASSAULT RIFLE......Page 291 THE TANK......Page 294 THE V-2......Page 298 THE FIRST ICBMS......Page 300 THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMBS......Page 303 THE FIRST HYDROGEN BOMBS......Page 310 THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR......Page 314 THE CLOCK......Page 317 THE WATCH......Page 319 THE TELESCOPE......Page 322 THE MICROSCOPE......Page 325 RADAR......Page 328 THE ATOMIC CLOCK......Page 331 BRONZE......Page 334 IRON......Page 337 THE PLOWSHARE......Page 340 THE BASIC WEAVING PROCESS......Page 344 AUTOMATED AND POWER-DRIVEN LOOMS......Page 345 CANNING......Page 346 REFRIGERATION......Page 348 STEEL......Page 350 EARLY LABORATORY EXTRACTION......Page 354 ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION......Page 355 SHEET AND PLATE GLASS......Page 356 RAYON......Page 359 BAKELITE......Page 361 THE COMBINE HARVESTER......Page 364 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS......Page 366 FULLERENES......Page 367 Glossary......Page 371 For Further Reading......Page 373 Index......Page 375 The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World (December 2009) (ATTiCA) 1 Copyright 4 CONTENTS 5 Introduction 12 Chapter 1 Communication 21 CUNEIFORM 21 ORIGINS IN SUMERIA 21 AKKADIAN CUNEIFORM 23 THE PAPYRUS SCROLL 25 IN ANCIENT EGYPT 25 IN ANCIENT GREECE 27 THE GREEK AND LATIN ALPHABETS 29 THE GREEK ALPHABET 29 THE LATIN ALPHABET 32 PARCHMENT AND VELLUM 34 PAPER 37 THE PRINTING PRESS 40 ORIGINS IN CHINA 40 REINVENTION IN EUROPE 42 PHOTOGRAPHY 46 ANTECEDENTS 47 HELIOGRAPHY 48 DAGUERREOTYPE 49 THE TELEGRAPH 51 PREELECTRIC TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS 51 THE MORSE SYSTEM 52 THE TELEPHONE 54 EARLY SOUND TRANSMITTERS 55 GRAY AND BELL: THE TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH 56 THE PHONOGRAPH 62 EDISON’S PHONOGRAPH 63 THE GRAPHOPHONE AND GRAMOPHONE 63 THE RACE TO MARKET 64 COIN SLOTS AND HOME PHONOGRAPHS 66 MOTION PICTURES 68 SEQUENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 68 EDISON’S KINETOGRAPH AND KINETOSCOPE 69 THE CINÉMATOGRAPHE 71 RADIO 72 HERTZ: RADIO-WAVE EXPERIMENTS 72 MARCONI’S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH 73 THE FLEMING DIODE AND DE FOREST AUDION 74 TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH 75 TELEVISION 76 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 76 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 79 THE TRANSISTOR 82 MOTIVATION AND EARLY RADAR RESEARCH 83 INNOVATION AT BELL LABS 84 THE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE 87 THE PERSONAL COMPUTER 90 THE INTERNET 95 Chapter 2 Transportation 102 THE WHEELED CHARIOT 102 SAILING SHIPS 104 FROM ROWED VESSELS TO SAILS 104 TYPES OF SAILS 106 THE COMPASS 109 THE STEAMBOAT 113 FULTON’S STEAMBOAT 114 THE RAILROAD 116 THE PLATEWAY 117 THE STOCKTON AND DARLINGTON RAILWAY 117 THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY 119 THE BICYCLE 121 FROM VELOCIPEDES TO BONESHAKERS 121 THE PENNY-FARTHING 122 THE SAFETY BICYCLE 123 THE AUTOMOBILE 124 THE FOUR-STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE 125 KARL BENZ 126 GOTTLIEB DAIMLER 127 THE AIRPLANE 128 EARLY EXPERIMENTS 129 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS 130 THE SPACE LAUNCHER 133 TSIOLKOVSKY, GODDARD, AND OBERTH 134 FROM THE V-2 TO THE ICBM 135 THE FIRST “ALL-CIVILIAN” SYSTEM 137 THE JETLINER 137 GPS 141 Chapter 3 Power and Energy 144 CONTROLLED FIRE 144 THE WATERWHEEL 146 THE WINDMILL 149 THE STEAM ENGINE 153 THE ELECTRIC BATTERY 158 GALVANI AND VOLTA 158 APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 160 THE ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND MOTOR 161 THE INCANDESCENT LIGHTBULB 163 THE STEAM TURBINE 167 EARLY PRECURSORS 167 MODERN STEAM TURBINES 168 THE GASOLINE ENGINE 170 THE JET ENGINE 173 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR 178 THE LASER 180 THE WIND TURBINE 184 THE SOLAR CELL 187 THE FUEL CELL 190 Chapter 4 Building Construction and Civil Engineering 192 THE ARCH 192 ORIGINS IN THE POST AND LINTEL 193 DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCH 194 BRICK 196 DAMS 198 THE ROMANS 198 EARLY DAMS OF EAST ASIA 199 THE 15TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY IN EUROPE 200 THE AQUEDUCT 201 THE ROMAN DOME 204 PLUMBING 207 THE PAVED ROAD 209 PIERRE-MARIE-JÉRÔME TRÉSAGUET 210 THOMAS TELFORD 210 JOHN LOUDON MCADAM 211 REINFORCED CONCRETE 212 THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE 214 DYNAMITE 216 THE SKYSCRAPER 219 THE ELEVATOR 225 HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING 227 Chapter 5 Medical Milestones 231 THE SMALLPOX VACCINE 231 GENERAL ANESTHESIA 235 PASTEURIZATION 237 X-RAY IMAGING 239 INSULIN 242 ANTIBIOTICS 244 BLOOD TRANSFUSION 246 POLIO VACCINE 250 THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL 253 HEART TRANSPLANTATION 256 GENETIC ENGINEERING 262 CLONING 264 EARLY CLONING EXPERIMENTS 265 REPRODUCTIVE CLONING 266 THERAPEUTIC CLONING 269 Chapter 6 Military Technology 272 THE SPEAR 272 THE BOW AND ARROW 273 THE EARLY BOW 274 ARROWS 277 GUNPOWDER 278 RIFLED MUZZLE-LOADERS 280 EARLY RIFLING 280 MINIÉ RIFLES 281 THE SUBMARINE 284 THE MACHINE GUN 288 RECOIL 288 GAS OPERATION 290 BLOWBACK 290 THE ASSAULT RIFLE 291 THE TANK 294 THE BALLISTIC MISSILE 298 THE V-2 298 THE FIRST ICBMS 300 NUCLEAR WEAPONS 303 THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMBS 303 THE FIRST HYDROGEN BOMBS 310 Chapter 7 Observation and Measurement 314 THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR 314 THE CLOCK 317 THE WATCH 319 THE TELESCOPE 322 THE MICROSCOPE 325 RADAR 328 THE ATOMIC CLOCK 331 Chapter 8 Agriculture and Industry 334 BRONZE 334 IRON 337 THE PLOWSHARE 340 THE POWER LOOM 344 THE BASIC WEAVING PROCESS 344 AUTOMATED AND POWER-DRIVEN LOOMS 345 CANNING 346 REFRIGERATION 348 STEEL 350 ALUMINUM 354 EARLY LABORATORY EXTRACTION 354 ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION 355 SHEET AND PLATE GLASS 356 RAYON 359 BAKELITE 361 THE COMBINE HARVESTER 364 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS 366 FULLERENES 367 Glossary 371 For Further Reading 373 Index 375 The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World, is one title in a 4 book series that focuses on the transformative power of various movements, voyages, conceits, and outright brainstorms. A true journey into modernity, this set delves into the facts surrounding landmark decisions, actions, and inventions that have advanced cultures, inspired humankind and forever changed the way the world works. Supplementing the text, which is categorized for easy referencing, are an array of photographs and illustrations that provide an unforgettable visual narrative. Readers will see the world in a while new light after learning about the social movements, inventions, explorers, and theories that have created our society's substrate. A detailed table of contents allows for leisure reading by subject and also acts a quick locator for research.