The Brain : An Introduction to Functional Neuroanatomy

The authors of the most cited neuroscience publication, The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates , have written this introductory textbook for neuroscience students. The text is clear and concise, and offers an excellent introduction to the essential concepts of neuroscience. Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than old-style medical school neuroanatomy Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex The neuroscience of consciousness, memory, emotion, brain injury, and mental illness A comprehensive chapter on brain development A summary of the techniques of brain research A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms Illustrated with over 130 color photographs and diagrams This book will inspire and inform students of neuroscience. It is designed for beginning students in the health sciences, including psychology, nursing, biology, and medicine. Clearly and concisely written for easy comprehension by beginning students Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than the concepts of old-style medical school neuroanatomy Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex Discussion of the neuroscience of conscience, memory, cognitive function, brain injury, and mental illness A comprehensive chapter on brain development A summary of the techniques of brain research A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms Illustrated with over 100 color photographs and diagrams Title Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Nerve cells and synapses Membrane potentials and action potentials Neurons and their connections Synapses Neurotransmitters Receptors Gap junctions Glia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Microglia Oligodendrocyte precursor cells–polydendrocytes Ependymal cells Computers and nervous systems Central nervous system basics—the brain and spinal cord Why study animal brains? The main parts of the brain External features of the brain The dorsolateral aspect of a rodent brain The ventral aspect of a rodent brain A mid-sagittal section of a rodent brain The language of brain anatomy The spinal cord Spinal nerves Gray matter of the spinal cord White matter of the spinal cord Meninges, ventricles, and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid The blood-brain barrier A map of the brain Mini-atlas of the rat brain The junction of the hindbrain and spinal cord The hindbrain at the level of the inferior olive The hindbrain at the level of the facial nucleus The hindbrain at the level of the upper end of the fourth ventricle The brainstem at the level of the midbrain The rostral end of the midbrain The forebrain at the level of the caudal end of the thalamus The forebrain at the level of the internal capsule The forebrain at the level of the anterior commissure The forebrain at the rostral end of the corpus callosum The forebrain at the level of the frontal pole of the cerebrum The olfactory bulb Sagittal section –0.40mm lateral to the midline Sagittal section –2.62mm lateral to the midline Peripheral nerves Motor and sensory nerves Somatic and visceral motor and sensory elements Spinal nerves Spinal nervessupplying the limbs Cranial nerves The olfactory and optic nerves The olfactory nerve (1) The optic nerve (2) Purely motor cranial nerves–3, 4, 6, 12 Purely sensory cranial nerves–1, 2, 8 Cranial nerves with both motor and sensory components–5, 7, 9, 10, 11 Damage to the cranial nerves Damage to the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens (cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6) Damage to the facial nerve Damage to the trigeminal nerve Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve Damage to the hypoglossal nerve The autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Enteric nervous system Command and control—the motor systems Areas of the motor cortex The role of non-cortical motor centers Survival skills:the hypothalamus Brainstem and spinal cord modules for controlof organized movement Descending control pathways other thanthe corticospinal tract The role of the cerebellum in motor control The roles of the striatumand pallidum in motorcontrol The final common pathway for all motor systems–the motor neuron Command and control of the viscera–the autonomic nervous system Command and control of the neuroendocrine system Gathering information—the sensory systems Receptors Keeping sensorymaps intact Interpretation and understanding Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex Vision Hearing Vestibular system Taste Smell Sensory processing outside the cortex An example: rolling an ankle The human cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex–anatomy and histology Uniformity of structure Cortical neurons Cortical layers Guiding principles of cortical structure and function The functional layout of the human cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex and behavior Differences between the two cerebral hemispheres Language areas in the cerebral cortex Expansion of the cerebral cortex in recent human evolution Higher level functions Consciousness Two minds in one brain? Memory Motor learning The hippocampus and episodic memory Structure of the hippocampus The effects of stress on the hippocampus The role of the cerebral cortex in episodic and semantic memory Sleep Emotions and the amygdala The amygdala and social hierarchy Drives and rewards When things go wrong–brain disease and injury Infections of the brain and spinal cord Mad cow disease and CJD Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) Alzheimer’s diseaseand dementia Epilepsy Brain trauma and brain death Mental illness Bipolar affective disorder Neuroses Neurotic depression Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Autism The tragic history of the treatment of severe mental illness Freud and psychiatry Psychosurgery Frontal lobotomy Amygdalectomy Henry Cotton and the septic focus theory of psychiatric disorders Delgado and the bull Electroconvulsive therapy Brighter prospects–Transcranial magnetic stimulation The development of the brainand spinal cord Neural crest Multiplication of cells in the brain Migration of neurons Creation of different functional groups of neurons–the proneural genes Regional development of the nervous system–segmentationand organizing centers Regional development in the hindbrain Organizing centers Formation of synapses Axon guidance Synapse pruning and nerve cell death Environmental influences on gene expression Critical periods Critical periods in fetal development Neural Plasticity Later processes that refine the structure of the brain Techniques for studying the brain Cutting thin sections of the brain Staining brain sections Histochemical staining Immunohistochemistry Common immunohistochemical markers Lectin stains Cell culture Hodology: using tracers to map connections Molecular genetics Non-invasive imaging techniques Functional imaging Electrophysiology Sensory electrophysiology Recording neuronal activity from the skin surface

The authors of the most cited neuroscience publication, The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, have written this introductory textbook for neuroscience students. The text is clear and concise, and offers an excellent introduction to the essential concepts of neuroscience.

• Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than old-style medical school neuroanatomy
• Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems
• A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex
• The neuroscience of consciousness, memory, emotion, brain injury, and mental illness
• A comprehensive chapter on brain development
• A summary of the techniques of brain research
• A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms
• Illustrated with over 130 color photographs and diagrams

This book will inspire and inform students of neuroscience. It is designed for beginning students in the health sciences, including psychology, nursing, biology, and medicine.

• Clearly and concisely written for easy comprehension by beginning students
• Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than the concepts of old-style medical school neuroanatomy
• Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems
• A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex
• Discussion of the neuroscience of conscience, memory, cognitive function, brain injury, and mental illness
• A comprehensive chapter on brain development
• A summary of the techniques of brain research
• A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms
• Illustrated with over 100 color photographs and diagrams

The authors of the most cited neuroscience publication, The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, have written this introductory textbook for neuroscience students. The text is clear and concise, and offers an excellent introduction to the essential concepts of neuroscience. Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than old-style medical school neuroanatomy Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex The neuroscience of consciousness, memory, emotion, brain injury, and mental illness A comprehensive chapter on brain development A summary of the techniques of brain research A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms Illustrated with over 130 color photographs and diagrams This book will inspire and inform students of neuroscience. It is designed for beginning students in the health sciences, including psychology, nursing, biology, and medicine. Based on contemporary neuroscience research rather than old-style medical school neuroanatomy Thorough treatment of motor and sensory systems A detailed chapter on human cerebral cortex The neuroscience of consciousness, memory, emotion, brain injury, and mental illness A comprehensive chapter on brain development A summary of the techniques of brain research A detailed glossary of neuroscience terms Illustrated with over 130 color photographs and diagrams