The Body Broken: The Calvinist Doctrine of the Eucharist and the Symbolization of Power in Sixteenth-Century France (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology)

In The Public Religious Controversies Of Sixteenth-century France, No Subject Received More Attention Or Provoked Greater Passion That The Eucharist. In This Study Of Reformation Theologies Of The Eucharist, Christopher Elwood Contends That The Doctrine For Which French Protestants Argued Played A Pivotal Role In The Development Of Calvinist Revolutionary Politics. By Focusing On The New Understandings Of Signs And Symbols Purveyed In Protestant Writing On The Sacrament Of The Lords Supper, Elwood Shows How Adherents To The Reformation Movement Came To Interpret The Nature Of Power And The Relation Between Society And The Sacred In Ways That Departed Radically From The Views Of Their Catholic Neighbors. The Clash Of Religious, Social, And Political Ideals Focused In Interpretations Of The Sacrament Led Eventually To Political Violence That Tore France Apart In The Latter Half Of The Sixteenth Century. 1. Immanent Majesty: The Eucharist And The Body Of Christ In Late Medieval Society -- 2. Heavenly Things In Heaven: The First Wave Of French Protestant Propaganda, 1533-1535 -- 3. Specifying Power: Sacramental Signification In Calvin's Theology Of The Eucharist -- 4. Seeds Of Discord: The Diffusion Of The Reformed Doctrine, 1540-1560 -- 5. Catholic Riposte: Defenses Of The Real Presence At The Beginning Of The Religious Wars -- 6. Eucharist, Reformed Social Formation, And The Ideology Of Resistance. Christopher Elwood. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 223-244) And Index. The Body Broken 2 Acknowledgments 5 Contents 7 Abbreviations 9 Introduction 11 1— Immanent Majesty: The Eucharist and the Body of Christ in Late Medieval Society 20 The Ascendancy of the Bodily Presence in Eucharistic Theology and Devotion 21 The Social Meanings and Uses of the Sacrament 26 Power in the Blood: The Eucharist and French Sacral Kingship 29 2— Heavenly Things in Heaven: The First Wave of French Protestant Propaganda, 1533–1535 35 Heresy in a Sacred Society: The Threat of Print 37 Early Reformed Writings on the Eucharist 40 "The Doctrine of Devils": Criticisms of the Mass 42 "Lift Up Your Hearts": Reorienting Eucharistic Piety 49 Theological Themes in the Reformed Doctrine 53 The Eucharist, Sovereignty, and Sedition 56 3— Specifying Power: Sacramental Signification in Calvin's Theology of the Eucharist 64 The French Writings on the Eucharist: Composition, Publishing, and Circulation 65 The Theory of Sacramental Signification 69 The Theology of the Eucharist and the Calvinist Economy of Power 79 4— Seeds of Discord: The Diffusion of the Reformed Doctrine, 1540–1560 85 Genevan Books and French Readers 86 Reformed Confessional Agreement on the Sacrament 90 Farel's Later Writings on the Eucharist 92 Pierre Viret's Polemical Writings on the Mass and Christ's Supper 100 Theodore Beza: Reformed Doctrine as Catholic Doctrine 107 Doctrinal Trajectories: Subjectivity, the Sacred, and Society 116 5— The Catholic Riposte: Defenses of the Real Presence at the Beginning of the Religious Wars 121 Dialogue and Division: The Colloquy of Poissy 123 Catholic Hermeneutics in the Sacramental Debate 127 The Fictions of Reformed Eucharistic Doctrine 130 The Miracle of the Bodily Presence 135 The Sacred Humanity of Christ 139 Christ Divided: Calvinist Doctrine Ramifies 145 6— The Eucharist, Reformed Social Formation, and the Ideology of Resistance 153 The Quest for a Holy Commonwealth 155 Believers and Idolaters: Constructing a Reformed Identity 159 Rhetoric, Representation, and Resistance 164 Conclusion 171 Notes 181 Introduction 181 Chapter 1 183 Chapter 2 187 Chapter 3 196 Chapter 4 202 Chapter 5 210 Chapter 6 220 Conclusion 227 Bibliography 230 I. Primary Sources 230 II. Secondary Works 242 Index 252 A 252 B 252 C 253 D 254 E 254 F 254 G 254 H 255 I 255 J 255 K 255 L 256 M 256 N 256 O 256 P 256 R 257 S 257 T 258 U 258 V 258 W 258 Z 258 In the public religious controversies of sixteenth-century France, no subject received more attention or provoked greater passion that the eucharist. In this study of Reformation theologies of the eucharist, Christopher Elwood contends that the doctrine for which French Protestants argued played a pivotal role in the development of Calvinist revolutionary politics. By focusing on the new understandings of signs and symbols purveyed in Protestant writing on the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, Elwood shows how adherants to the Reformation movement came to interpret the nature of power and the relation between society and the sacred in ways that departed radically from the views of their Catholic neighbors. The clash of religious, social, and political ideals focused in interpretations of the sacrament led eventually to political violence that tore France apart in the latter half of the sixteenth century. The Body Broken will engage scholars and students of Renaissance and Reformation Europe, theologians, social historians, historians of religion, and readers interested in connections between religious ideas and the mobilization of popular movements. This book examines the disputes about the eucharist that were carried out in the popular press in 16th-century France. Elwood's focus is on the way in which power is symbolized in eucharist doctrine, and how representations of power in the context of theological discussion influenced understandings of power in other spheres of life. By concentrating on writings that were accessible to and likely read by a popular lay audience, Elwood seeks to discover what ideas concerning the eucharist were actually conveyed by readers. His central argument is that the Calvinist eucharist theory propounded in the 16th century included a way on construing power and the relation between the sacred and society that contributed in a very significant way to the ideological social, and political unrest that characterized the Reformation period.