The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language (Bloomsbury Research Handbooks in Asian Philosophy)

The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language introduces the central theories in Indian philosophy and provides an up-to-date research resource to better understanding the history and future direction of the field. Featuring leading international scholars whose work has come to define Indian philosophy of language, each chapter addresses a particular philosophical problem from the viewpoint of a specific tradition or thinker. Covering traditions including Advaita Vedanta, Visiadvaita Vedanta, Buddhism and Alakarasastra, they tackle questions such as what is the impact of textual structures on the philosophical message and whether it is productive to distinguish between figurative statements and incomplete propositions as well as the relation of the speaker to reality and the use of metalanguage. Chapters conclude with further reading suggestions while an annotated bibliography helps provide further context to all the themes covered. By focusing on the development of dialogic ideas in Indian philosophy this handbook presents a systematic survey of the philosophy of language in the Indian tradition. Introducing original philosophical research from renowned thinkers, it makes an important contribution to both Eastern and Western contemporary philosophy of language. Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Contributors 9 Introduction 12 The Themes of This Handbook 12 Jayanta, the Guiding Spirit 13 “Indian Philosophy of Language”? 14 The Structure 16 The Projected Audience 17 Acknowledgments 18 References 19 Part One: Of Speech Units: Phonemes, Words, and Sentences 20 Chapter 1: Linguistic Segmentation in Early Vyākaraṇa 24 1 Grammar before Grammar: The Origins of a Vedic Science 24 2 Segmenting the Linguistic Flux: Meaning and Form 26 3 Pāṇini: Wholes as Contexts for the Interpretation of Parts 30 4 After Pāṇini: A New Approach to the Parts-and-Whole Relationship 37 Notes 44 Primary Sources 47 Secondary Sources 48 Chapter 2: From Permanent Phonemes to Words 50 1 Introduction 50 2 śabda is Phonemes 52 3 Speech Units Are Permanent 55 4 Conclusions—Speech Is Meaningful Sounds 61 Notes 62 Primary Sources 65 Secondary Sources 65 Chapter 3: Ontology and Epistemology of Speech in Nyāya 67 1 Introduction 67 2 The Ontology of the Ephemeral Speech 68 3 Segments of Speech: From Phonemes to Words 71 4 Epistemology of Speech 73 5 Conclusion 79 Notes 81 Primary Sources 84 Secondary Sources 85 Chapter 4: The Theory of the Sphoṭa 87 1 Introduction: Five Views on the Sphoṭa 87 2 Patañjali’s Ideas on Śabda and Sound 88 3 Bhartṛhari on the Sphoṭa 90 4 Maṇḍana Miśra’s Sphoṭa 93 5 Śaiva Philosophers’ Sphoṭa 99 6 Premodern Grammarians’ Sphoṭa 101 Notes 104 Primary Sources 115 Secondary Sources 117 Chapter 5: A Buddhist Refutation of Sphoṭa 119 1 Introduction 119 2 Rejection of the Eternal Verbum 120 3 Refutation of Sphoṭa 124 4 Conclusion 135 Notes 137 Primary Sources 143 Secondary Sources 144 Chapter 6: The Place of Language in the Philosophy of the Recognition 146 1 The School of the Recognition 146 2 Pratyabhijñā’s Metaphysics and Epistemology 147 3 Language and Consciousness 150 4 The Influence of Bhartṛhari and Pratyabhijñā’s Innovations 153 5 Phonemic Consciousness 154 Notes 155 Primary Sources 158 Part Two: Of Word Meanings 162 Chapter 7: Early Nyāya on the Meaning of Common Nouns 166 1 The Alternatives: Individual, Universal, and Form 167 2 Holism Reaffirmed 173 Notes 173 Primary Sources 175 Secondary Sources 175 Chapter 8: Dignāga on Relation 176 1 The Scope of This Chapter 176 2 The Three Levels of Existence 176 3 Language as Inference 177 4 Dignāga’s Basic Scheme 178 5 The Background behind Dignāga’s Theory and His Motivation 179 6 Tadvat and apohavat 181 7 Relationship and Denotation: Strong versus Weak 183 8 Higher and Lower Referents 185 9 Conclusion 186 Notes 188 Primary Sources 191 Secondary Sources 191 Chapter 9: Meanings of Words and Sentences in Mīmāṃsā 192 1 General Problem: What Is Meaning?What Expresses It? 192 2 From Words to Sentence Meaning: Bhāṭṭas versus Prābhākaras 196 3 Proximity, Fitness, and Syntactical Expectancy 205 4 Can We Adjudicate the Debate? 208 Notes 210 Primary Sources 211 Secondary Sources 211 Chapter 10: Śabdārtha as Sense or Reference: Dharmakīrti on Synonymy 213 1 Asking about Sense and Reference 213 2 Dharmakīrti on Synonymy 219 3 Form (ākāra) as Sense? 223 4 Difference as Sense? 226 5 Conclusion 227 Notes 227 Primary Sources 233 Secondary Sources 234 Chapter 11: Semantic Relations and Causation of Verbal Knowledge 237 1 Introduction 237 2 Jayanta on Causation 237 3 Ontology of Referents 239 4 Epistemology of Referents 242 5 Conclusion 244 Notes 244 Primary Sources 247 Secondary Sources 248 Chapter 12: Human Intellect and God’s Will in Navya Nyāya Semantics 250 1 Fake Liberty? 250 2 Meaning of “Meaning”3 251 3 God’s Will as Semantic Relationship 252 4 Cognition Governed by God’s Will 253 Notes 254 Primary Sources 255 Secondary Sources 255 Part Three: Of Sentence Meanings 258 Chapter 13: Śālikanātha’s “Introduction” to His “Fundamentals of Sentence Meaning” 262 1 Introduction 262 2 Sentence Meaning as a Determinate Particular 265 3 The Mutual Relation of Meanings 269 4 Language Acquisition and Language Structure 272 5 From Utterance to Recollection to Expression 278 6 Text and Translation of the Verses 282 Notes 284 Primary Sources 287 Secondary Sources 287 Chapter 14: Śālikanātha on Language Acquisition: A Study of “Vākyārthamātṛkā” II 289 1 Introduction 289 2 The Circumstances of Language Acquisition 289 3 The Obligation as Distinct from a Mere Action and So On 290 4 The Refutation of Maṇḍana’s View of Instrumentality 291 5 Language Acquisition through Insertion and Extraction 292 6 Obligation as a Plurality of All Kinds of Imperatives 292 7 Obligation Is Known through Perception and Inference 293 8 The Structure of the Vedic Injunction 294 9 Obligation as Distinct from Action 295 10 The Obligation as the Main Element 297 11 The Two-Step Approach of Language Acquisition 297 12 An Action To Be Done and a Previously Unknown Obligation 298 13 Conclusion 300 Notes 301 Printed Sources 304 Manuscript Sources 305 Chapter 15: The Deontic Nature of Language in Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta Schools 306 1 Introduction: What Is the Meaning Conveyedby a Text? 306 2 The Veda, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta 307 3 Inner-Mīmāṃsā History of Deontic Language 309 4 Epistemological and Logical Consequences 315 5 Deontic Logic and Its Linguistic Consequences 316 6 Conclusion 320 Notes 321 Primary Sources 322 Secondary Sources 322 Chapter 16: Speaking of the Individual: Prakāśātman’s Akhaṇḍārthavāda and the Beginnings of a Theory of Language in Classical Advaita-Vedānta 324 1 Introduction 324 2 Prakāśātman in the History of Indian Linguistic Thought—the Concept of “Immediate Verbal Cognition” 327 3 Prakāśātman’s Semantics—anvitābhidhānavāda in a Vedāntic Garb 331 4 Description and Identification: The “Undivided Object” (akhaṇḍārtha) from Padmapāda to the Vivaraṇa 336 5 Conclusion 341 Notes 342 Primary Sources 347 Secondary Sources 349 Chapter 17: The Role of Intention in Gaṅgeśa’s Non-Communicational Model of Verbal Understanding 351 1 Why Do We Have to Understand Intention? 351 2 The Problem of the Speaking Parrot 352 3 The Role of Intention in the Non-communication Model of Verbal Understanding 356 Notes 357 Primary Sources 359 Secondary Sources 359 Part Four: Of Implicatures and Figurative Meanings 360 Chapter 18: Kumārila on the Role of Implicature in Sentence-Signification 364 1 Implicature as the Process of Sentence-Signification 365 2 Śabara on Sentence Meaning 366 3 Sentence Meaning and the Semantics of Universals and Particulars 367 4 Conclusion 369 Notes 370 Primary Sources 371 Chapter 19: The Intentionality of Words: Jayanta’s Syncretism of Nyāya and Mīmāṃsā 372 1 Introduction 372 2 Jayanta’s Synthesis of Nyāya and Mīmāṃsā 372 3 Whose Intentionality? 374 4 The Irrelevance of Indication or Suggestion 376 5 Conclusion 377 Notes 378 Primary Sources 380 Secondary Sources 381 Chapter 20: Rasa as Sentence Meaning 382 Notes 400 Primary Sources 405 Secondary Sources 406 Chapter 21: Meaning beyond Words: The 407 1 The Issue of Implicature and the Revolutionsof Kashimirian Poetics 407 2 Mukula Bhaṭṭa’s “Abhidhāvṛttamātṛka” and Its Wirkungsgeschichte 409 3 Groping for Mukula’s Influence before Mammaṭa’s Appropriation 411 4 “You Don’t Understand My Feelings. You Don’t Get Me At All” 412 5 The “Conservative” Refutation of Mammaṭa 416 6 Conclusion 419 Notes 421 Primary Sources 430 Secondary Sources 432 Chronology 434 References 437 Glossary 438 Glossary’s References 461 Annotated Bibliography of Indian Philosophy of Language 464 Index 475 "The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language presents a systematic survey of philosophy of language in the Indian tradition, providing an up-to-date research resource for better understanding the history and future direction of the field. Each chapter addresses a particular philosophical problem from the viewpoint of seminal traditions and specific thinkers. Covering the philosophical insight on language found in the mainstream philosophies of Vyakarana, Mima?sa, Nyaya, Vedanta, Buddhism, and Alankarasastra, the chapters tackle crucial semantic and pragmatic questions such as the relation of the speaker to reality, the use of metalanguage, the distinction between sentences, elliptic statements, and figurative usages, and the impact of textual structures on the philosophical message. Complete with further reading suggestions and an annotated bibliography, this collection makes an important contribution to both Eastern and Western contemporary philosophy of language."--Publisher's website 20 Buddhism: Linguistic Convention -- 21 Jainism: Prakrit and Linguistics Convention (P. Flugel, University of Leiden) -- Part V: Applications of Language -- 22 Buddhism Dharmakirti: Is there non-conceptualized knowledge? -- 23 Kashmirian Saiva Abhinavagupta: Applications of grammar in the Pratyabhi-jna school (M. Ferrante, Academy of Sciences, Vienna) -- 24 Navyavyakaraa: Further Developments of the Sphoa Theory -- Part VI: Implicature -- 25 Bhaamimasa Kumarila: The Role of Implicature (L. McCrea, Cornell University) -- 26 Prabhakaramimasa Prabhakara: The Epistemological Problem of Implicature (A. Ollett, Harvard University) -- 27 Nyaya, Jayanta: Implicature as contextualization (A. Graheli, Academy of Sciences, Vienna) -- 28 Alakarasastra: The Aesthetic Experience -- Glossary -- Annotated Bibliography -- Index