The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant (Bloomsbury Companions)

Immanuel Kant is widely considered to be the most important and influential thinker of modern Europe and the late Enlightenment. His philosophy is extraordinarily wide-ranging and his influence has been pervasive throughout eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century thought, in particular in the work of the German Idealists, and also in both Analytic and Continental philosophy today. Now available as a new and expanded edition in paperback, this accessible companion to Kant features more than 100 specially commissioned entries, written by a team of experts in the field, covering every aspect of his philosophy. __The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant__ presents a comprehensive overview of the historical and philosophical context in which Kant wrote and the various features, themes and topics apparent in his thought. It also includes extensive synopses of all his major published works and a survey of the key lines of reception and influence including a new addition on Schopenhauer's reception of Kant. It concludes with a thorough bibliography of English language secondary literature, now expanded for this edition to include all cutting-edge publications in the area. This is an essential and practical research tool for those working in the field of eighteenth-century German philosophy and Kant. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Series 3 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Preface 10 Preface to the Second Edition 12 List of Abbreviations of Kant's Works 14 List of Contributors 18 INTRODUCTION 20 PART I: KEY WRITINGS 28 1 KEY WORKS 30 THE ONLY POSSIBLE ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF A DEMONSTRATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD (OPD) 30 The Inaugural Dissertation (ID) 32 Critique of Pure Reason (CPR) 35 PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE METAPHYSICS THAT WILL BE ABLE TO COME FORWARD AS SCIENCE (P) 51 THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS (G) 53 METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NATURAL SCIENCE (MFNS) 59 CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON (CPrR) 64 CRITIQUE OF JUDGMENT (CJ) 69 RELIGION WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF MERE REASON (R) 79 TOWARD PERPETUAL PEACE (PP) 85 METAPHYSICS OF MORALS (MM) 89 PART II:KANT’S CONTEXTS 102 2 PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT 104 Academy prize essay 104 Aristotelianism 105 Eberhard, Johann August 107 Empiricism 109 Frederick the Great 110 French Revolution 112 Garve-Feder review 113 Herder, Johan Gottfried 115 Hutcheson, Francis 117 Königsberg 118 Lambert, Johann Heinrich 120 Mendelssohn, Moses 121 Physical influx 124 Pietism 125 Prussia 127 School philosophy 129 Smith, Adam 131 Spinoza, Benedictus (Baruch) de; SPINOZISM 133 3 SOURCES AND INFLUENCES 140 Aristotle 140 Bacon, Francis 143 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb 145 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 147 Crusius, Christian August 148 Descartes, René 149 Epicurus and Epicureanism 152 Euler, Leonhard 154 Herz, Marcus 155 Hume, David 156 Leibniz, Gottlob Wilhelm 158 Locke, John 160 Meier, Georg Friedrich 161 Newton, Isaac 163 Plato 164 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 166 Swedenborg, Emanuel 170 Tetens, Johann Nicolaus 173 Wolff, Christian 175 PART III: KEY THEMES AND TOPICS 182 4 KEY THEMES AND TOPICS 184 Abstraction . logic 184 Aesthetic judgment 184 Amphiboly 187 Analogy 188 Analogies of Experience 189 Analysis (analytic) 191 Analytic judgment . judgment 192 Anthropology 192 Anticipations of Perception 194 Antinomies 196 Appearance 199 Apperception (self-consciousness) 201 Apprehension . synthesis 203 A priori, a posteriori 203 Art (genius) 203 Autonomy . freedom 204 Axioms of Intuition 204 Capacity to judge . judgment 206 Categorical imperative (moral law) 206 Categories . deduction 208 Causality . Analogies of Experience, laws (of nature)/lawfulness 208 Choice . will 208 Clear/obscure . representation 208 COGNITION . KNOWLEDGE Combination . synthesis 208 Comparison . logic 208 Concept . logic 208 Consciousness . representation, apperception, Anticipations of Perception 208 Cosmological proof . proofs of the existence of God 208 Cosmopolitan, cosmopolitanism 209 Critique 210 Deduction (categories) 211 Desire . interest 214 Dialectic 214 Difference . identity, Amphiboly 216 Displeasure, pleasure . sublime, aesthetic judgment 216 Duty, duties 216 Empirical realism . reality 217 End(s) . categorical imperative, duty, freedom, interest, teleology 217 Enlightenment 217 Enthusiasm 219 Ether . natural science, Euler 221 Ethical commonwealth (ethical community) . religion 221 Evil . radical evil 221 Exaltation . enthusiasm, Pietism 221 Faith (historical, revealed, rational) . religion 223 Fanaticism . Enthusiasm 223 Figurative synthesis . synthesis 223 Form, formal 223 Forms of intuition (pure intuition) . INTUITION 224 Freedom 224 Geometry 225 God . proofs of the existence of God 227 Good . morality 227 Good will . will 227 Guiding thread . deduction 227 Happiness . morality, religion, virtue/virtues 227 Highest good . religion, morality 227 I think . apperception 227 Idea, ideas 227 Idealism . transcendental idealism 229 Identity 229 Imagination 230 Immaturity (Unmündigkeit) . Enlightenment 231 Imperative . categorical imperative 231 Inclination . duty/duties, morality, will 231 Incongruent counterparts . geometry 231 Inner/outer sense 231 Intellect . judgment (understanding) 232 Intellectual synthesis . synthesis 232 Interest 232 Intuition 233 Judgment (understanding) 235 Judgment of taste . aesthetic judgment 237 Kingdom of ends 237 Knowledge (cognition) 239 Laws (of nature), lawfulness 240 Logic (concept, thought, syllogism) 242 Majority, maturity . Enlightenment 244 Manifold . synthesis 244 Mark, characteristic (Merkmal) . logic 245 Mathematics 245 Maxim . categorical imperative 246 Metaphysical deduction . deduction 246 Metaphysics 246 Method 249 Minority . Enlightenment 251 Moral law . categorical imperative 251 Moral worth . morality 251 Morality 251 Motive, incentive (Triebfeder) . categorical imperative 254 Nature . laws (of nature)/lawfulness, natural science 254 Natural science 254 Necessity 257 Noumenon, noumena . THING IN ITSELF, transcendental idealism 258 Object, objectivity 258 Objective unity . object/objectivity, apperception, synthesis 260 Ontology . metaphysics 260 Ontological proof . proofs of the existence of God 260 Outer sense . inner/outer sense 260 Paralogisms 260 Peace . cosmopolitan, cosmopolitanism 262 Perception . experience, Anticipations of Perception, Analogies of Experience, representation 262 Phenomen(a)(on) . transcendental idealism 262 Physico-theological proof . proofs of the existence of God 262 Pleasure . aesthetic judgment 262 Postulates of Empirical Thought in General 262 Principle of identity of indiscernibles . identity 264 Principle of (non-)contradiction 264 Principle of sufficient reason 265 Productive imagination . imagination, synthesis 266 Proof 266 Proofs of the existence of God 267 Psychology 270 Pure 272 Pure intuition . INTUITION 273 Purposiveness . teleology 273 Quid juris . deduction 273 Radical evil 273 Rational faith . religion 275 Reality (objective reality) 275 Reason 276 Receptivity . spontaneity 278 Reflection . logic 278 Reflection, concepts of . Amphiboly 278 Reflective judgment . aesthetic judgment, judgment 278 Refutation of Idealism 278 Regulative principles 280 Religion (highest good) 281 Representation 284 Respect . morality, categorical imperative 285 Right 285 Schematism 287 Science . natural science, metaphysics, critique 288 Self-activity . spontaneity 288 Self-legislation . freedom 288 Sensation . Anticipations of Perception 288 Sensibility . experience 288 Space . Transcendental Aesthetic, geometry, Antinomies 289 Spontaneity 289 Sublime 290 Substance . Analogies of Experience, Paralogisms 291 Synthesis (synthetic a priori) 291 Synthetic a priori (judgment) . synthesis, judgment, Analogies of Experience 293 Synthetic judgment . judgment 293 System 293 Table of categories . deduction 295 Table of judgment . deduction, judgment 295 Taste . aesthetic judgment 295 Teleological judgment . teleology, judgment 295 Teleology (purposiveness, end) 295 Thing in itself 297 Thoroughgoing determination . transcendental ideal 299 Time . transcendental AESTHETIC, Antinomies, schematism 299 Transcendent . transcendental 299 Transcendental 299 Transcendental Aesthetic (intuition, space, time) 299 Transcendental apperception . apperception 302 Transcendental deduction . deduction 302 Transcendental Dialectic . Dialectic 302 Transcendental idea . idea, ideas 302 Transcendental ideal 302 Transcendental idealism (appearance, thing in itself, phenomena, noumena) 304 Transcendental logic . deduction, judgment 306 Transcendental reflection . Amphiboly 306 Transcendental unity of self-consciousness . apperception 306 Truth 306 Unconditioned, the . Antinomies, idea/ideas, regulative principles 307 Understanding . judgment, knowledge 307 Unity of consciousness . apperception 307 Virtue, virtues 308 Will (choice) 309 PART IV:RECEPTION AND INFLUENCE 310 5 RECEPTION AND INFLUENCE 312 Until 1781: Responses to Kant’s Inaugural Dissertation (1770) 312 First Responses to the Critique of Pure Reason: the 1780s and later 316 Kantianism in the 1790s: From Reinhold to Hegel 324 Hegel’s Appropriation of Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy in the Jena Period 329 ‘Back to Kant’: Neo-Kantianism 337 Heidegger’s ONTOLOGICAL Reading of Kant 343 Analytical Kantianism 348 Analytic Approaches to Kant’s Ethics 352 Kantian Normativity in Rawls, Korsgaard and Continental Practical Philosophy 356 PART V:BIBLIOGRAPHY 368 6 KANT BIBLIOGRAPHY 370 1. Kant’s Works in German 370 2. English Translations 370 3. Biographies of Kant 371 4. Introductions to Kant 371 5. MULTI-AUTHOR Edited Collections on Kant 372 6. Context and Reception of Kant’s Work 375 7. Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy 381 8. Kant’s Practical Philosophy (INCLUDING RELIGION) 408 9. Kant’s Third Critique, Aesthetics and Teleology 431 Index 440 I: Key Writings -- Key Works -- The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God ; The 'Inaugural Dissertation' ; Critique of Pure Reason ; Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science ; Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals ; Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science ; Critique of Practical Reason ; Critique of Judgment ; Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason ; Toward Perpetual Peace ; Metaphysics of Morals -- Part II: Kant's Contexts -- Philosophical and Historical Context -- Academy prize essay ; Aristotelianism ; J.A. Eberhard ; Empiricism ; Frederick the Great ; French Revolution ; Garve-Feder review ; J.G. Herder ; Francis Hutcheson ; Königsberg ; J.H. Lambert ; Moses Mendelssohn ; Physical influx ; Pietism ; Prussia ; School Philosophy ; Adam Smith ; Baruch de Spinoza/Spinozism -- Sources and Influences -- Aristotle ; Francis Bacon ; A.G. Baumgarten ; Cicero ; C.A. Crusius ; René Descartes ; Epicurus and Epicureanism ; Leonhard Euler ; Marcus Herz ; David Hume ; G.W. Leibniz ; John Locke ; G.F. Meier ; Isaac Newton ; Plato ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau ; Emanuel Swedenborg ; J.N. Tetens ; Christian Wolff -- Part III: Key Themes and Topics -- Key Themes and Topics -- Part IV: Reception and Influence -- Reception and Influence Until 1781: Responses to Kant's Inaugural Dissertation ; First Responses to the Critique of Pure Reason: The 1780s and Later ; Kantianism in the 1790s: From Reinhold to Hegel ; Hegel's Appropriation of Kant's Theoretical Philosophy in the Jena Period ; Schopenhauer's Reception of Kant ; 'Back to Kant': Neo-Kantianism ; Heidegger's Phenomenological Reading of Kant ; Analytical Kantianism ; Analytic Approaches to Kant's Ethics ; Kantian Normativity in Rawls, Korsgaard and Continental Practical Philosophy -- Part V: Bibliography -- Kant Bibliography "Immanuel Kant is widely considered to be the most important and influential thinker of modern Europe and the late Enlightenment. His philosophy is extraordinarily wide-ranging and his influence has been pervasive throughout eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century thought, in particular in the work of the German Idealists, and also in both Analytic and Continental philosophy today. Now available as a new and expanded edition in paperback, this accessible companion to Kant features more than 100 specially commissioned entries, written by a team of experts in the field, covering every aspect of his philosophy. The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant presents a comprehensive overview of the historical and philosophical context in which Kant wrote and the various features, themes and topics apparent in his thought. It also includes extensive synopses of all his major published works and a survey of the key lines of reception and influence including a new addition on Schopenhauer's reception of Kant. It concludes with a thorough bibliography of English language secondary literature, now expanded for this edition to include all cutting-edge publications in the area. This is an essential and practical research tool for those working in the field of eighteenth-century German philosophy and Kant."--Page 4 de la couverture "Immanuel Kant is widely considered to be the most important and influential thinker of modern Europe and the late Enlightenment. His philosophy is extraordinarily wide-ranging and his influence has been pervasive throughout eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth-century thought, in particular in the work of the German Idealists, and also in both Analytic and Continental philosophy today. Now available as a new and expanded edition in paperback, this accessible companion to Kant features more than 100 specially commissioned entries, written by a team of experts in the field, covering every aspect of his philosophy. The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant presents a comprehensive overview of the historical and philosophical context in which Kant wrote and the various features, themes and topics apparent in his thought. It also includes extensive synopses of all his major published works and a survey of the key lines of reception and influence including a new addition on Schopenhauer's reception of Kant. It concludes with a thorough bibliography of English language secondary literature, now expanded for this edition to include all cutting-edge publications in the area. This is an essential and practical research tool for those working in the field of eighteenth-century German philosophy and Kant."-- Provided by publisher