The Bloomsbury Companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine (Bloomsbury Companions)

"A definitive and authoritative guide to a vibrant and growing discipline in current philosophy, The Bloomsbury companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine presents an overview of the issues facing contemporary philosophy of medicine, the research methods required to understand them and a trajectory for the discipline's future. Written by world leaders in the discipline, this companion addresses the ontological, epistemic, and methodological challenges facing philosophers of medicine today, from the debate between evidence-based and person-centered medicine, medical humanism, and gender medicine, to traditional issues such as disease, health, and clinical reasoning and decision-making. Practical and forward-looking, it also includes a detailed guide to research sources, a glossary of key terms, and an annotated bibliography, as well as an introductory survey of research methods and discussion of new research directions emerging in response to the rapid changes in modern medicine. "'Philosophy needs medicine', Hillel Braude argues, 'to become more relevant'". By showing how modern medicine provides philosophers with a rich source of material for investigating issues facing contemporary society, The Bloomsbury Companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine introduces the opportunities medicine offers philosophers together with the resources and skills required to contribute to contemporary debates and discussions."--Bloomsbury Publishing. Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Contents Part I Introduction: Philosophy of Medicine, Research Problems, and Methods 1 Introduction: Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine Introduction Background Framework The Science of Medicine The Art of Medicine Topics Philosophy of Medicine’s Future Research Resources Additional Types of Medicine Conclusion: A Metaphysical Turn Notes References 2 Research Problems and Methods in the Philosophy of Medicine Introduction Clinical Practice and Theory What Is Clinical Practice, and What Should It Be? Evidence-based Medicine Patient-centered Medicine Values-based Practice Choosing between Models: Assessment Criteria Summary Science and Medicine Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Medicine Pluralism, Science, and Values Conclusion: The Search for the Base or Center Notes References Part II Current Research and Future Directions 3 Disease in the Era of Genomic and Molecular Medicine Introduction From Medical Genetics to the Human Genome Project The Century of the Gene Disease in Medical Genetics Prior to the HGP The HGP: One Gene-One Disease Implications of the One Gene-One Disease Model: Geneticization Genomics and Molecular Medicine From Genes to Genome to Omics Biomarkers and the Cascade Model of Disease Disease, Dynamics, and Determinism Personalized Medicine: Fragmenting the Normal Epigenetics and Systems Approaches From One-way Process to Mutual Interaction and Complexity Rethinking Body and Environment: Disease as Entanglement Disease and Contingency: Personalized Medicine Revisited Conclusion References 4 Philosophy of Epidemiology What is Epidemiology? Causation in Epidemiology: Separating the Issues Multifactorialism The Causal Interpretation Problem Causal Inference in Epidemiology Additional Topics Notes References 5 Justification of Evidence-Based Medicine Epistemology Introduction The Genesis of Evidence-based Medicine What Is Evidence-based Medicine? What is the Philosophy of EBM? What Is to Come? Philosophical Controversies in EBM: Are Observational Studies as Good as Randomized Trials as Evidence? Observational Studies: Definition and Problems Randomized Trials to the Rescue Philosophical Controversies in EBM: The Role of Mechanistic Reasoning Terminology: Patient-relevant Effects, Comparative Clinical Studies, Mechanisms, and Mechanistic Reasoning Why the View that Mechanistic Reasoning is Necessary to Establish Causal Claims is Mistaken Are Mechanisms Required to Justify External Validity? Are Mechanisms Required to Generate Hypotheses? Conclusion Notes References 6 Evolutionary Medicine: Philosophical Aspects Why so Long a Wait for Evolutionary Medicine? Evolution and Medicine The Science Mother–offspring Conflict Multilevel Selection Health and Disease Health and Well-being Epilogue Notes References 7 Medical Humanism Part 1: Philosophical and Historical Underpinnings Introduction The Enlightened Whole Defining Reality The Rise of Positivism and its Hegemony Science from a Nineteenth-century Humanist Perspective Binding Scientific Medicine to the Humanist Demand Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References 7a Medical Humanism Part 2: Inspirations of the Twentieth Century Introduction Medicine and its Objects The Institutional Context of Medicine Phenomenological Philosophy of Existence Conclusion Notes References 8 Phenomenology and Medicine Introduction Phenomenology of Medicine The Lived Body Illness as Unhomelike Being-in-the-World Human Suffering and the Goals of Medicine Hermeneutics of Medicine Phenomenology and Medical Technologies Conclusion References 9 Gender Medicine and Phenomenological Embodiment Introduction Background to Philosophy of Gender, Medicine, and Embodiment Some Central Distinctions in Gender and Medicine Medical Diagnosis and Gender Stereotypes—Over-, Under-, or Misdiagnosis? Dominant Stereotypes of the Female Gender Gender Stereotyping and Psychiatric Diagnosis Gender-based Disparities in Physical Healthcare Some Conclusions on Gender and Diagnosis The Male Sex as Norm—Overdiagnosis and Exclusion of Female Biology The Medicalization of the Female Life-stages The Male Norm within Evidence-based Medicine Questioning the Biological Sex Divide—The Intersection of Sex and Gender? Phenomenological Embodiment—A Way Forward The Problems of the Sex/gender Distinction, in Theory and in Practice Phenomenology, Gender, and Embodiment References 10 Patient- and Person-Centered Medicine: Does the Center Hold? Patient-centered Medicine: Does the Center Hold? Person-centered Medicine: Does the Center Hold? Healthcare Personalism Personalism Personhood Personhood and Healthcare Personalism Conclusion: Does the Center Hold? Notes References 11 Health and Disease Introduction The Traditional Dispute How can We Distinguish the Pathological from the Nonpathological? Are Diseases Biological Dysfunctions? Normal Functions Is Dysfunction Sufficient? Is Dysfunction Necessary? Must Diseases Be Bad? Aristotelian Accounts Harm According to Jerome Wakefield General Comments about Harm Must Diseases Be Unusual or Unexpected? Must Diseases Be Medically Treatable? Moving on from the Traditional Debate Compatibility of Descriptive and Normative Approaches Disease as a Wittgensteinian Family Resemblance Term or Roschian Concept Multiple Accounts of Disorder Doing without Accounts of Disorder Mental versus Physical Disorder Emerging Challenges Accommodating the Lived-experience of Illness Understanding Medicalization and Demedicalization The Variety of Medical Conditions Disabilities Diseases versus Risk Factors Old Age Problems Faced by Artificial Organisms Notes References 12 Causation in Medicine Understanding Medicine Philosophical Theorizing about Medical Causation Episodes in Medical Causation Hypertension Treatments: Efficacy and Effectiveness, and the Reference Class Problem Efficacy versus Effectiveness The Reference Class Problem Deficiency Diseases: Causation by Omission, Evidence, and Inference Ottawa Ankle Rules and Backward Causal Reasoning Gender Medicine: Confounding and Generic versus Single-case Asbestos-related Deaths: Social Factors of Disease and Multifactorialism The Causal Mosaic Acknowledgments Note References 13 Clinical Reasoning and Knowing Introduction Alvan Feinstein on Clinical Judgment Tacit Knowing Decision Analysis Dual-process Theory Metacognition and Neurobiology of Decision-making Modelling Clinical Reasoning on Phronesis Notes References 14 New Directions in Philosophy of Medicine Introduction The Epistemological Turn Beyond RCTs and Meta-.analyses Research Generalizability and Clinical Care Tracking Outcomes within Specific Patient Groups Diagnosis Philosophical Questions in Diagnostic Practice Diagnostic Accuracy and Patient Outcomes Diagnostics and Medical Value New Directions in Philosophy of Psychiatry Objectivity and Medical Research Conclusion Notes References Part III research Resources Glossary of Key Terms Research Guide Dictionaries and Encyclopedia Online Encyclopedia Articles Introductory Volumes Anthologies Series Journals Online databases Professional Societies Academic Research Centers Annotated Bibliography Index "A definitive and authoritative guide to a vibrant and growing discipline in current philosophy, The Bloomsbury companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine presents an overview of the issues facing contemporary philosophy of medicine, the research methods required to understand them and a trajectory for the discipline's future. Written by world leaders in the discipline, this companion addresses the ontological, epistemic, and methodological challenges facing philosophers of medicine today, from the debate between evidence-based and person-centered medicine, medical humanism, and gender medicine, to traditional issues such as disease, health, and clinical reasoning and decision-making. Practical and forward-looking, it also includes a detailed guide to research sources, a glossary of key terms, and an annotated bibliography, as well as an introductory survey of research methods and discussion of new research directions emerging in response to the rapid changes in modern medicine. "'Philosophy needs medicine', Hillel Braude argues, 'to become more relevant'". By showing how modern medicine provides philosophers with a rich source of material for investigating issues facing contemporary society, The Bloomsbury Companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine introduces the opportunities medicine offers philosophers together with the resources and skills required to contribute to contemporary debates and discussions"-- Provided by publisher