فناوری بلاک‌چین برای برنامه‌های امن و هوشمند در صنایع مختلف (جلد ۱۲۱) (پیشرفت‌ها در کامپیوترها، جلد ۱۲۱)

The Blockchain Technology for Secure and Smart Applications across Industry Verticals, Volume 121, presents the latest information on a type of distributed ledger used for maintaining a permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data. The book presents a novel compendium of existing and budding Blockchain technologies for various smart applications. Chapters in this new release include the Basics of Blockchain, The Blockchain History, Architecture of Blockchain, Core components of Blockchain, Blockchain 2.0: Smart Contracts, Empowering Digital Twins with Blockchain, Industrial Use Cases at the Cusp of the IoT and Blockchain Paradigms, Blockchain Components and Concepts, Digital Signatures, Accumulators, Financial Systems, and more. This book is a unique effort to illuminate various techniques to represent, improve and authorize multi-institutional and multidisciplinary research in a different type of smart applications, like the financial system, smart grid, transportation system, etc. Readers in identity-privacy, traceability, immutability, transparency, auditability, and security will find it to be a valuable resource. Provides a snapshot of the state of current research based on the decentralized system that provides security and privacy to the smart applications Chapters cover the fundamental concepts of the newly emerged Blockchain technology along with, the various smart applications Helps to elucidate new trading platforms that provides business benefits like efficiency, auditability, traceability, transparency, feedback, and security Front Cover The Blockchain Technology for Secure and Smart Applications across Industry Verticals Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Chapter One: Demystifying the blockchain technology 1. Introduction 2. The key motivations for the blockchain technology 3. Delineating the blockchain technology 4. Briefing of the blockchain system elements 5. Blockchain consensus algorithms 6. Power of work 6.1. Advantages of PoW 6.2. Disadvantages of PoW 6.3. Where POW used? 7. Proof of stake 8. Delegated proof of stake 9. Proof of burn 10. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance 11. Blockchain types 12. About the bitcoin application of the blockchain technology 13. Enterprise blockchain use cases 14. The blockchain technology benefits 15. The blockchain challenges and concerns 16. How blocks and their chains nullify security attacks on blockchain networks 17. An efficient cross-organizational information transfer method through blockchain 18. The marriage between blockchain, AI, and the IoT 19. Conclusion Appendix A.1. The blockchain frameworks Chapter Two: Data structures 1. Primitive data structure 1.1. Integers 1.2. Float 1.3. Characters 1.4. Pointers 2. Nonprimitive data structure 2.1. Arrays 2.1.1. Creating an array 2.1.2. Adding elements to an array 2.1.3. Accessing elements from the array 2.1.4. Removing elements from the array 2.1.5. Searching element in an array 2.1.6. Updating elements in an array 2.2. Linked list 2.2.1. Linked list insertion 2.2.2. Deletion of an element in a linked list 2.3. Queue 2.3.1. Implement queues using linked list 2.3.2. Implement queues using arrays 2.4. Stack 2.4.1. Stack implementation using list 2.4.2. Stack implementation using queue module 2.5. Graphs 2.5.1. Creating a graph 2.5.2. Display vertices of graph 2.5.3. Display edges of graph 2.5.4. Adding a vertex to the graph 2.5.5. Adding an edge to the graph 2.6. Trees 2.6.1. Creating a root 2.6.2. Inserting a node into tree 2.7. Heaps 2.7.1. Creating a heap 2.7.2. Inserting into heap 2.7.3. Removing from heap 2.7.4. Replacing in a heap 3. Merkle root 3.1. Hash function 3.2. Applications of Merkle tree 4. InterPlanetary file system 4.1. History of IPFS 4.2. Nodes of IPFS 4.3. Advantages of IPFS 4.4. Disadvantages of IPFS References Chapter Three: Hashes 1. SHA-256 or SHA-2 2. Ethash 3. Scrypt 4. X11 5. Equihash 5.1. Properties of Equihash 6. RIPEMD-160 References Chapter Four: Digital signatures 1. Digital signatures 2. Digital signature algorithm 3. Elliptic curve digital signature algorithm 4. Edward curve digital signature algorithm 5. Difference between EdDSA and ECDSA References Chapter Five: Signature primitives 1. Ring signatures 2. One-time signatures 2.1. Lamport one-time signature 2.2. Winternitz one-time signature 3. Multisignatures [3] 3.1. N/N scheme 3.2. (N - 1)/N scheme 4. Borromean 4.1. Signing of the Borromean 4.2. Verification of the Borromean References Chapter Six: Accumulators 1. RSA-based accumulators 2. Pairing-based accumulators 3. Hash-based accumulators References Chapter Seven: Basics of blockchain 1. Overview of blockchain 2. Traditional centralized systems 3. Types of systems 3.1. Centralized system 3.2. Decentralized system 3.3. Distributed system 4. Scope of the blockchain 5. Characteristics of blockchain 6. Key motivations for blockchain References Chapter Eight: History of blockchain-Blockchain 1.0: Currency 1. Bitcoin cryptocurrency 1.1. Creation of bitcoins 1.2. Control of bitcoin network 1.3. Bitcoin transaction system 1.4. Advantages of bitcoin cryptocurrency 2. Double-spending problem 2.1. Bitcoin prevents the double-spending problem 3. Byzantine Generals problem 3.1. Solution of Byzantine Generals with proof-of-work 4. Evolution of blockchain 4.1. Understanding blockchain technology 5. Fundamentals of blockchain 6. Potential impact of blockchain References Chapter Nine: Architecture of blockchain 1. Technology behind blockchain 1.1. Briefing of the blockchain system elements 2. Structure of blockchain 3. Benefits of blockchain technology 4. Working of blockchain 4.1. Bitcoin cryptocurrency 4.2. Block creation and validation 4.2.1. A. Transaction verification using elliptic curve cryptography 4.2.2. B. Block verification using proof-of-work 4.2.3. C. Addition of blocks in the blockchain Reference Chapter Ten: Core components of blockchain 1. Classification of nodes in a blockchain network 2. Classification of blockchain system 3. Blockchain platforms 3.1. Ethereum 3.2. Hyperledger Fabric 3.3. Hyperledger Sawtooth 3.4. Hedera Hashgraph 3.5. Ripple 3.6. Quorum 3.7. Hyperledger Iroha 3.8. R3.Corda 3.9. EOS 3.10. OpenChain 3.11. Stellar 3.12. Dragonchain 3.13. NEO 3.14. MultiChain 3.15. IOTA References Chapter Eleven: Cryptographic consensus mechanisms 1. Proof-of-work 2. Proof-of-stake 3. Delegated proof-of-stake 4. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance 5. Proof-of-capacity 6. Proof-of-elapsed time 7. Proof-of-activity 8. Proof-of-publication 9. Proof-of-retrievability 10. Proof-of-importance 11. Proof-of-ownership 12. Proof-of-burn Chapter Twelve: Cryptocurrencies 1. Bitcoin 2. Ethereum 3. Ripple 4. Litecoin 5. Tether 6. Bitcoin Cash 7. Libra 8. Monero 9. EOS 10. Bitcoin SV 11. Binance Coin 12. Cardano 13. Tezos 14. Crypto.com Coin 15. Stellar 16. ChainLink 17. UNUS SED LEO 18. Tron 19. Huobi Token 20. NEO 21. BitTorrent 22. BitShares 23. Ethereum Classic 24. USD Coin 25. Hedge Trade 26. Cosmos 27. ZCash 28. Hedera Hashgraph 29. Bitcoin Gold 30. Bitcoin Diamond 31. Komodo 32. Nexo 33. Zcoin 34. Bytecoin 35. Gnosis 36. Maker 37. NEM 38. DOGE 39. THETA 40. ICON 41. QTUM 42. Siacoin 43. MonaCoin 44. Terra 45. Flexacoin References Chapter Thirteen: Empowering digital twins with blockchain 1. Introduction 2. Briefing the digital twin (DT) paradigm 3. Digital twins: The industrial use cases 4. Digital twin industry use cases 5. Digital twins: The benefits 6. Blockchain as a powerful antidote 7. The combination of digital twins and blockchain 8. Blockchain and digital twins for enhanced digital value 9. Digital twins for sharing economy 10. Conclusion Chapter Fourteen: Phases of operation 1. Transaction generation and transaction verification 1.1. Transaction generation 1.2. Transaction verification 1.3. Working of a transaction 2. Consensus execution 2.1. Block height and forking 2.2. Detecting forks 3. Block verification and validation 3.1. Mathematical problem 3.2. The nonce 3.3. Target or difficulty 3.4. Block rewards and fees 3.5. Bockchain working Chapter Fifteen: Blockchain 2.0: Smart contracts 1. Smart contracts 1.1. Properties of smart contracts 1.2. Use of smart contracts 2. Advantages of smart contracts 2.1. Smart contracts used in a decentralized system 2.2. Crowdfunding platform in a centralized system 2.3. Crowdfunding platform in a decentralized system 2.4. Need of smart contracts 3. Blockchain platforms using smart contracts 4. Ethereum smart contracts using solidity 4.1. Defining a smart contract using solidity 4.2. Deploy and run smart contract 4.3. Examples of smart contract References Chapter Sixteen: Hyperledger 1. Hyperledger: An industrial approach to blockchain 1.1. Need of hyperledger 1.2. Working of hyperledger transaction 1.3. Hyperledger projects 1.4. Goals of hyperledger 2. Hyperledger fabric 2.1. Architecture of the hyperledger fabric 2.2. Transaction flow in the hyperledger fabric Chapter Seventeen: Blockchain for enterprise 1. Track assets in a business network 2. Benefits of blockchain in a business 2.1. Advantages of blockchain for business 2.2. Businesses take advantage of the blockchain technology Chapter Eighteen: Industrial use cases at the cusp of the IoT and blockchain paradigms 1. Introduction 2. Briefing the Internet of Things Conundrum 3. Entering into the blockchain technology 4. The convergence of the IoT and the blockchain paradigms 5. Prominent blockchain-IoT platforms and products 6. The challenges of blockchain-IoT combination 7. The IoT and blockchain convergence: Next-generation applications 8. How blockchain and IoT can work together 9. Companies using IoT: Blockchain combination 10. Conclusion Chapter Nineteen: Blockchain components and concepts 1. Actors in a blockchain 2. Components used in a blockchain 3. Applications interact with the blockchain ledger 4. Blockchain events 4.1. Integrating with the existing systems Chapter Twenty: Attacks on blockchain 1. Consensus and ledger-based attacks 1.1. Finney attack 1.2. Race attack 1.3. 51% attack 2. Peer-to-peer network attacks 2.1. Sybil attack 2.2. Eclipse attack 2.3. Distributed denial-of-service 2.4. Routing attack 3. Smart contract-based attacks 3.1. DAO attack 4. Wallet-based attacks 4.1. Parity multisig wallet attack References Chapter Twenty-One: Financial system 1. Transaction management in financial system 2. Benefits of blockchain in the banking system 3. Digitization impact the banking system 4. Crowdfunding 4.1. Limitations of the crowdfunding 4.2. Blockchain changes the crowdfunding 5. Scope of blockchain in financial system 6. Decentralized finance on Ethereum 6.1. Token generation 6.2. Use case-DApp: Coinbase wallet References Chapter Twenty-Two: Transportation system 1. Challenges faced by the transportation system 2. Blockchain relevant to the transportation system 2.1. Traditional/current transportation system 2.2. Future transportation system with blockchain 3. Reasons to implement blockchain in the transportation system 3.1. Blockchain improves transportation management 3.2. Mobility as a service 3.2.1. Requirements for mobility Networks 3.2.2. Decentralized mobility platform 3.2.3. Use Case 1. DOVU: Create a DOVU in London using a blockchain 3.3. Supply chain management 3.3.1. Benefits of decentralizing supply chain management 3.3.2. Blockchain use cases in supply chain 3.3.3. Applicability of blockchain for supply chain 3.3.4. Use Case 2. Walmart: To trace back mangoes and pork 4. Challenges with blockchain in the supply chain References Chapter Twenty-Three: Smart grid 1. Architecture of smart grid 2. Salient features of smart grid 2.1. Integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) into the grid 2.2. Two-way communication 2.3. Advanced metering infrastructure 2.4. Advanced energy storage capabilities 2.5. Data management and processing 2.6. Cyber-physical security of SG 3. Applications of blockchain in smart grid 3.1. Peer-to-peer energy trading infrastructure 3.2. Blockchain architecture on P2P energy trading 3.2.1. Transaction handling 3.3. Energy trading in electric vehicles 3.4. Secure equipment maintenance for smart grids 3.5. Power generation and distribution 3.6. Security and privacy-preserving techniques 4. Challenges for blockchain into the smart grid 4.1. Scalability issues 4.2. Chances of centralization 4.3. Development and infrastructure costs 4.4. Legal and regulatory support 5. Initiatives on smart grid in India References Chapter Twenty-Four: Healthcare system 1. Current healthcare system 1.1. Supply chain and drug counterfeit 1.2. Data segmentation and no proper management 1.3. Healthcare security and data storage 2. Blockchain for healthcare system 3. Blockchain can solve the healthcare issues 3.1. Interoperability 3.2. Security 3.3. Maintenance cost 3.4. Data integrity 3.5. Universal access 4. Use cases of blockchain in healthcare system 4.1. Billing and claims management 4.2. Clinical data exchange and interoperability 4.3. Cyber security and healthcare IoT 4.4. Drug supply chain provenance and integrity References Chapter Twenty-Five: Voting system 1. Current digital voting system 2. Blockchain-based online voting system 2.1. Record-keeping database or database manipulation 2.2. Tamper-proof vote counting References Back Cover The Blockchain Technology for Secure and Smart Applications across Industry Verticals, Volume 121, presents the latest information on a type of distributed ledger used for maintaining a permanent and tamper-proof record of transactional data. The book presents a novel compendium of existing and budding Blockchain technologies for various smart applications. This book is a unique effort to illuminate various techniques to represent, improve and authorize multi-institutional and multidisciplinary research in a different type of smart applications, like the financial system, smart grid, transportation system, etc. Readers in identity-privacy, traceability, immutability, transparency, auditability, and security will find it to be a valuable resource. Key features: Provides a snapshot of the state of current research based on the decentralized system that provides security and privacy to the smart applications ; Chapters cover the fundamental concepts of the newly emerged Blockchain technology along with, the various smart applications ; Helps to elucidate new trading platforms that provides business benefits like efficiency, auditability, traceability, transparency, feedback, and security. Target audience: Industrial researchers, academicians, and research scholars in the areas of security and privacy in various applications, such as healthcare systems, smart grid systems, intelligent transportation systems, financial systems, voting systems--Publisher's description