The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell Philosophy Guides)

Comprising a series of specially commissioned chapters by leading scholars, this comprehensive volume presents an up-to-date survey of the central themes in the philosophy of mind. It leads the reader through a broad range of topics, including Artificial Intelligence, Consciousness, Dualism, Emotions, Folk Psychology, Free Will, Individualism, Personal Identity and The Mind-Body Problem. Provides a state of the art overview of philosophy of mind. Contains 16 newly-commissioned articles, all of which are written by internationally distinguished scholars. Each chapter reviews a central issue, examines the current state of the discipline with respect to the topic, and discusses possible futures of the field. Provides a solid foundation for further study. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 9 Introduction......Page 11 Notes......Page 13 1.1 Introduction......Page 15 1.2 Marks of the Mental......Page 16 1.3 The Physical......Page 20 1.4 Mind–Body Relations......Page 21 1.5 The Mind–Body Problem......Page 24 1.6.1 Ontological anti-reductionism......Page 27 1.6.2 Conceptual anti-reductionism......Page 32 1.6.3 Conceptual reduction......Page 34 1.6.4 Irrealism......Page 42 1.7 Conclusion......Page 43 Notes......Page 45 References......Page 55 2.1 Mind–Body Dualism......Page 61 2.2 Behaviorism......Page 62 2.3 The Identity Theory......Page 64 2.4 Machine Functionalism......Page 66 2.5 Homuncular Functionalism and Other Teleological Theories......Page 67 2.6 Problems over Qualia and Consciousness......Page 69 2.7 Problems over Intentionality......Page 71 2.9 Instrumentalism......Page 72 2.10 Eliminativism and Neurophilosophy......Page 74 References......Page 75 3 Physicalism......Page 79 3.1 Formulating Physicalism......Page 80 3.2 Justifying Physicalism......Page 90 3.3 Objecting to Physicalism......Page 92 Notes......Page 95 References......Page 96 4.1 Introduction......Page 99 4.2 The Argument for Predicate Dualism......Page 101 4.3 Why Predicate Dualism leads to Dualism Proper......Page 102 4.4 Is the Talk of “Perspectives” Legitimate?......Page 103 4.6 The Optionality of Non-basic Levels and the Unavoidability of Psychology......Page 104 4.7 Why Bundle Dualism Will Not Do......Page 106 4.8 Two Reflections on this Conclusion......Page 109 4.9 An Objection......Page 110 Notes......Page 112 References......Page 114 5.1 Introduction......Page 116 5.2 The Problem......Page 117 5.3.1 The explanatory argument......Page 118 5.3.2 The conceivability argument......Page 119 5.3.3 The knowledge argument......Page 120 5.3.4 The shape of the arguments......Page 121 5.4 Type-A Materialism......Page 122 5.5 Type-B Materialism......Page 126 5.6 The Two-Dimensional Argument Against Type-B Materialism......Page 129 5.7 Type-C Materialism......Page 133 5.8 Interlude......Page 137 5.9 Type-D Dualism......Page 138 5.10 Type-E Dualism......Page 141 5.11 Type-F Monism......Page 143 5.12 Conclusions......Page 147 Notes......Page 149 References......Page 154 6.1 Overview......Page 157 6.2 A Medium for Thought......Page 158 6.3 Naturalization......Page 160 6.4 Mechanisms of Meaning......Page 163 6.5 Fodor’s Meaning Mechanisms......Page 164 6.6 Dretske’s Meaning Mechanisms......Page 167 Names......Page 170 Uninstantiated properties......Page 171 The disjunction problem – again......Page 172 Too much meaning (semantic promiscuity)......Page 175 Swampman......Page 176 Mind dependence......Page 177 Vacuity......Page 178 6.8 Conclusion......Page 179 Notes......Page 180 References......Page 182 7 Cognitive Architecture: The Structure of Cognitive Representations......Page 186 7.1 The Systematicity of Inference......Page 187 7.2 The Systematicity of Cognitive Representations......Page 192 7.3 The Compositionality of Representations......Page 194 7.4 Another Systematicity Argument......Page 195 7.5 Can Functional Combinatorialism Explain the Systematic Relations in Thought?......Page 197 Notes......Page 201 References......Page 202 8 Concepts......Page 204 8.1 Definitional Structure......Page 205 8.2 Probabilistic Structure......Page 209 8.3 Theory Structure......Page 212 8.4 Concepts Without Structure......Page 216 8.5 Rethinking Conceptual structure......Page 219 Notes......Page 222 References......Page 225 9.1 The Cartesian Background......Page 228 9.2 Intentionality......Page 231 9.2.1 “Broad” states of mind......Page 233 9.3 Functionalism......Page 234 9.3.1 Multiple realizability......Page 235 9.4 Levels of Reality......Page 237 9.5 Causation and Broad States of Mind......Page 239 9.6 Qualia......Page 240 9.7 Zombies......Page 242 9.8 Conclusion......Page 244 Notes......Page 245 References......Page 247 10.1 Why Does Folk Psychology Play an Important Role in the Philosophy of Mind?......Page 249 10.2 What is Folk Psychology? Two Possible Answers......Page 252 10.3 The Challenge from Simulation Theory......Page 255 10.4 Three Accounts of Mindreading: Information-rich, Simulation-based and Hybrid......Page 257 10.4.1 Inference prediction: a mindreading skill subserved by simulation......Page 258 10.4.2 Desire-attribution: a mindreading skill that cannot be explained by simulation......Page 260 10.4.3 Discrepant belief-attribution: another mindreading skill that cannot be explained by simulation......Page 263 Notes......Page 265 References......Page 267 11.1 Introduction......Page 270 11.2 Getting to Twin Earth: What’s in the Head?......Page 271 11.3 The Cognitive Science Gesture......Page 274 11.4 Functionalism, Physicalism, and Individualism......Page 276 11.5 The Appeal to Causal Powers......Page 277 11.6 Externalism and Metaphysics......Page 278 11.7 The Debate Over Marr’s Theory of Vision......Page 279 11.8 Exploitative Representation and Wide Computationalism......Page 288 11.9 Narrow Content and Marr’s Theory......Page 292 11.10 Individualism and the Problem of Self-knowledge......Page 294 References......Page 299 12.1.1 The feeling theory of emotions......Page 302 12.1.2 Propositional attitude theories......Page 303 12.2.1 Darwin and the emotions......Page 304 12.2.2 The emotions in classical ethology......Page 305 12.2.3 Ekman and “basic emotions”......Page 308 12.2.4 Sociobiology and the emotions......Page 309 12.2.5 Narrow evolutionary psychology and the emotions......Page 310 12.2.6 The transactional theory of emotion......Page 311 12.3.1 Why it matters......Page 313 12.3.3 Social constructionism about emotions......Page 314 12.3.4 Conceptual confusions in the debates over universality......Page 315 12.4.1 The resurgence of the feeling theory......Page 316 12.4.2 Neurological support for twin-pathway models of emotion......Page 317 12.5 Is Emotion a Natural Kind?......Page 318 References......Page 319 13.2 The Core Idea, Classically Morphed......Page 323 13.3 The Core Idea, Non-classically Morphed......Page 325 13.4 Robotics: Beyond the Core?......Page 327 13.5 Emotions and Reason......Page 329 13.6 Global Reasoning......Page 331 13.7 Fast and Frugal Heuristics......Page 332 13.8 Conclusions: Moving Targets and Multiple Technologies......Page 333 References......Page 334 14 Philosophy of Mind and the Neurosciences......Page 336 14.1 Real Reduction in Real Neuroscience......Page 337 14.2 Neurofunctions?......Page 343 14.3 Consciousness and Cellular Neuroscience......Page 347 14.4 Reductionist Neuroscience and “Hard Problems”......Page 358 14.5 Toward Genuinely Interdisciplinary Philosophy and Neuroscience......Page 359 Notes......Page 362 References......Page 363 15.1 The Problems of Personal Identity......Page 366 15.2 Understanding the Persistence Question......Page 369 15.3 Accounts of Our Identity Through Time......Page 372 15.4 The Psychological Approach......Page 373 15.5 The Fission Problem......Page 375 15.6 The Problem of the Thinking Animal......Page 376 15.7 The Somatic Approach......Page 378 15.8 Conclusion......Page 380 References......Page 381 16 Freedom of the Will......Page 383 16.1.2 The Consequence Argument......Page 384 16.1.3 Assessing the argument......Page 386 16.2.1 Frankfurt cases......Page 389 16.2.2 A hierarchical account......Page 390 16.2.3 Capacity accounts......Page 392 16.2.4 A responsiveness view......Page 393 16.3 Libertarian Accounts......Page 395 16.3.1 Non-causal views......Page 396 16.3.2 Non-deterministic event-causal views......Page 398 16.3.3 Agent-causal accounts......Page 403 16.3.4 The existence question......Page 405 16.4 Conclusion......Page 406 Notes......Page 407 References......Page 413 Index......Page 419 The Mind-body Problem: An Overview / Kirk Ludwig -- The Mind-body Problem / William G. Lycan -- Physicalism / Andrew Melnyk -- Dualism / Howard Robinson -- Consciousness And Its Place In Nature / David J. Chalmers -- Thoughts And Their Contents: Naturalized Semantics / Fred Adams -- Cognitive Architecture: The Structure Of Cognitive Representations / Kenneth Aizawa -- Concepts / Eric Margolis And Stephen Laurence -- Mental Causation / John Heil -- Folk Psychology / Stephen P. Stich And Shaun Nichols -- Individualism / Robert A. Wilson -- Emotions / Paul E. Griffiths -- Artificial Intelligence And The Many Faces Of Reason / Andy Clark -- Philosophy Of Mind And The Neurosciences / John Bickle -- Personal Identity / Eric T. Olson -- Freedom Of The Will / Randolph Clarke. Edited By Stephen P. Stich And Ted A. Warfield. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Annotation Comprising a series of specially commissioned chapters by leading scholars, this comprehensive volume presents an up-to-date survey of the central themes in the philosophy of mind. It leads the reader through a broad range of topics, including Artificial Intelligence, Consciousness, Dualism, Emotions, Folk Psychology, Free Will, Individualism, Personal Identity and The Mind-Body Problem. Provides a state of the art overview of philosophy of mind. Contains 16 newly-commissioned articles, all of which are written by internationally distinguished scholars. Each chapter reviews a central issue, examines the current state of the discipline with respect to the topic, and discusses possible futures of the field. Provides a solid foundation for further study