The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, 11 Volume Set

Cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 About The Editor And Managing Editors......Page 8 Advisory Editors......Page 10 Contributors......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 62 Introduction......Page 64 Timeline......Page 72 Lexicon......Page 94 Abolitionism......Page 126 Abortion As A Social Problem......Page 128 Absenteeism......Page 129 Accommodation......Page 132 Accounts......Page 134 Accounts, Deviant......Page 137 Acculturation......Page 139 Action Research......Page 141 Actor-network Theory......Page 145 Actor-network Theory, Actants......Page 146 Addams, Jane (1860–1935)......Page 148 Addiction And Dependency......Page 151 Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–69)......Page 152 Advertising......Page 155 Aesthetics......Page 159 Affect Control Theory......Page 160 Affirmative Action......Page 164 Affirmative Action For Majority Groups......Page 167 Affirmative Action (Race And Ethnic Quotas)......Page 170 Age And Crime......Page 173 Age Identity......Page 174 Age, Period, And Cohort Effects......Page 177 Age Prejudice And Discrimination......Page 181 Agency (and Intention)......Page 185 Agenda Setting......Page 188 Aggression......Page 189 Aging, Demography Of......Page 192 Aging And Health Policy......Page 196 Aging And The Life Course, Theories Of......Page 198 Aging, Longitudinal Studies......Page 202 Aging, Mental Health, And Well-being......Page 204 Aging And Social Policy......Page 209 Aging And Social Support......Page 213 Aging, Sociology Of......Page 218 Aging And Technology......Page 226 Aging And Work Performance......Page 228 Aids, Sociology Of......Page 231 Al-Biruni (973–1048)......Page 236 Alcohol And Crime......Page 239 Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse......Page 241 Alienation......Page 244 Alliances......Page 246 Alliances (racial/ethnic)......Page 248 Althusser, Louis (1918–90)......Page 250 Ambivalence......Page 252 American Dilemma, An (Gunnar Myrdal)......Page 253 American Sociological Association......Page 255 Analytic Induction......Page 259 Anarchism......Page 261 Anglo-conformity......Page 262 Animal Rights Movements......Page 263 Animism......Page 266 Annales School......Page 267 Anomie......Page 269 Anova (Analysis Of Variance)......Page 271 Anthropology, Cultural And Social: Early History......Page 272 Anthrozoology......Page 275 Anti-semitism (Religion)......Page 277 Anti-semitism (Social Change)......Page 279 Anti-war And Peace Movements......Page 286 Apartheid And Nelson Mandela......Page 287 Arcades......Page 290 Arendt, Hannah (1906–75)......Page 291 Aron, Raymond (1905–83)......Page 300 Art Worlds......Page 302 ’Asabiyya......Page 305 Asceticism......Page 310 Asch Experiments......Page 314 Assimilation......Page 316 Atheism......Page 321 Attitudes And Behavior......Page 324 Attraction......Page 327 Attribution Theory......Page 330 Audiences......Page 333 Auditing......Page 337 Authenticity Criteria......Page 338 Author/auteur......Page 341 Authoritarian Personality......Page 345 Authoritarianism......Page 347 Authority And Conformity......Page 350 Authority And Legitimacy......Page 354 Autoethnography......Page 355 Autopoiesis......Page 357 Awareness Contexts......Page 358 ba......Page 362 Balkanization......Page 364 Bankruptcy......Page 366 Barthes, Roland (1915–80)......Page 367 Base And Superstructure......Page 369 Bataille, Georges (1897–1962)......Page 371 Bateson, Gregory (1904–80)......Page 372 Beard, Mary Ritter (1876–1958)......Page 375 Beauvoir, Simone De (1908–86)......Page 376 Beccaria, Cesare (1738–94)......Page 380 Behaviorism......Page 381 Belief......Page 383 Bell Curve......Page 387 Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein And Murray)......Page 388 Benefit And Victimized Zones......Page 390 Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940)......Page 392 Bernard, Jessie (1903–96)......Page 395 Bifurcated Consciousness, Line Of Fault......Page 399 Big Science And Collective Research......Page 400 Bilingual, Multicultural Education......Page 402 Bilingualism......Page 406 Biodemography......Page 408 Biography......Page 412 Biosociological Theories......Page 416 Biracialism......Page 420 Birmingham School......Page 422 Bisexuality......Page 426 Black Feminist Thought......Page 430 Black Urban Regime......Page 435 Blasé/Neurasthenic Personalities......Page 437 Blau, Peter (1918–2002)......Page 438 Blockbusting......Page 441 Blumer, Herbert George (1900–87)......Page 443 Boas, Franz (1858–1942)......Page 446 Body, Abominations Of The......Page 448 Body And Cultural Sociology......Page 449 Body Modification......Page 453 Body And Sexuality......Page 455 Body And Society......Page 460 Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo (1935–91)......Page 464 Bottomore, T. B. (1920–92)......Page 469 Boundaries (racial/ethnic)......Page 470 Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002)......Page 472 Bourgeoisie And Proletariat......Page 475 Brand Culture......Page 476 Branding And Organizational Identity......Page 478 Brands And Branding......Page 482 Braudel, Fernand (1902–85)......Page 485 Braverman, Harry (1922–76)......Page 488 Bricolage......Page 490 British Sociological Association......Page 491 Brown v. Board of Education......Page 492 Buddhism......Page 495 Built Environment......Page 499 Bureaucracy And Public Sector Governmentality......Page 501 Bureaucratic Personality......Page 503 Burundi And Rwanda (hutu, Tutsi)......Page 505 Capital: Economic, Cultural, And Social......Page 508 Capital Punishment......Page 510 Capital, Secondary Circuit Of......Page 513 Capitalism......Page 515 Capitalism, Social Institutions Of......Page 520 Captive Mind......Page 523 Caregiving......Page 526 Carework......Page 527 Caste: Inequalities Past And Present......Page 529 Castoriadis, Cornelius (1922–97)......Page 531 Catholicism......Page 532 caudillismo......Page 536 Celebrity And Celetoid......Page 540 Celebrity Culture......Page 542 Censorship......Page 546 Central Business District......Page 547 Certeau, Michel De (1925–86)......Page 548 Chance And Probability......Page 550 Change Management......Page 552 Chaos......Page 557 Charisma......Page 558 Charisma, Routinization Of......Page 562 Charismatic Movement......Page 564 Chicago School......Page 567 Chicago School: Social Change......Page 570 Child Abuse......Page 573 Child Custody And Child Support......Page 576 Child Labor......Page 580 Childcare......Page 582 Childhood......Page 584 Childhood Sexuality......Page 587 Children And Divorce......Page 592 Chonaikai......Page 596 Christianity......Page 599 Chronic Illness And Disability......Page 604 Church......Page 608 Citations And Scientific Indexing......Page 614 Cities In Europe......Page 618 Citizenship......Page 622 City......Page 625 City Planning/urban Design......Page 627 Civil Minimum......Page 630 Civil Religion......Page 631 Civil Rights Movement......Page 632 Civil Society......Page 637 Civilization And Economy......Page 639 Civilizations......Page 644 Civilizing Process......Page 654 Class......Page 658 Class Conflict......Page 662 Class Consciousness......Page 664 Class And Crime......Page 667 Class, Perceptions Of......Page 670 Class, Status, And Power......Page 672 Class And Voting......Page 676 Classification......Page 679 Cloning......Page 681 Cognitive Balance Theory (Heider)......Page 684 Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger)......Page 687 Cohabitation......Page 690 Coleman, James (1926–95)......Page 694 Collective Action......Page 699 Collective Consciousness......Page 706 Collective Deviance......Page 708 Collective Efficacy And Crime......Page 709 Collective Identity......Page 711 Collective Memory......Page 713 Collective Memory (Social Change)......Page 715 Collective Trauma......Page 718 Collectivism......Page 723 Colleges And Universities......Page 724 Colonialism (Neocolonialism)......Page 727 Color Line......Page 729 Coming Out/closets......Page 730 Commodities, Commodity Fetishism, And Commodification......Page 732 Communism......Page 737 Community......Page 742 Community College......Page 745 Community And Economy......Page 749 Community And Media......Page 751 Complementary And Alternative Medicine......Page 754 Complexity And Emergence......Page 758 Compositional Theory Of Urbanism......Page 761 Compulsory Heterosexuality......Page 763 Computational Sociology......Page 764 Computer-aided/ Mediated Analysis......Page 770 Comte, Auguste (1798–1857)......Page 775 Confidence Intervals......Page 781 Conflict (racial/ethnic)......Page 784 Conflict Theory......Page 787 Conflict Theory And Crime And Delinquency......Page 790 Confucianism......Page 793 Conjugal Roles And Social Networks......Page 797 Connubium (who Marries Whom?)......Page 799 Consciousness Raising......Page 801 Conservatism......Page 803 Conspicuous Consumption......Page 806 Constructionism......Page 811 (Constructive) Technology Assessment......Page 812 Consumer Culture, Children’s......Page 818 Consumer Movements......Page 822 Consumers, Flawed......Page 824 Consumption......Page 826 Consumption, African Americans......Page 831 Consumption And The Body......Page 834 Consumption, Cathedrals Of......Page 837 Consumption And The Chicago Tradition......Page 839 Consumption, Experiential......Page 841 Consumption, Fashion And......Page 843 Consumption, Food And Cultural......Page 846 Consumption, Girls’ Culture And......Page 849 Consumption, Green/sustainable......Page 852 Consumption And Intellectual Property......Page 854 Consumption And The Internet......Page 857 Consumption, Landscapes Of......Page 859 Consumption, Masculinities And......Page 860 Consumption, Mass Consumption, And Consumer Culture......Page 862 Consumption Of Music......Page 871 Consumption, Provisioning And......Page 873 Consumption, Religion And......Page 875 Consumption Rituals......Page 878 Consumption, Spectacles Of......Page 880 Consumption Of Sport......Page 885 Consumption, Tourism And......Page 886 Consumption, Urban/city As Consumerspace......Page 890 Consumption, Visual......Page 894 Consumption, Youth Culture And......Page 898 Content Analysis......Page 901 Contention, Tactical Repertoires Of......Page 904 Control Balance Theory......Page 907 Controversy Studies......Page 909 Convenience Sample......Page 913 Conversation......Page 915 Conversation Analysis......Page 916 Convivium (who Is Friends With Whom?)......Page 920 Cool......Page 922 Cooley, Charles Horton (1864–1929)......Page 923 Corrections......Page 926 Correlation......Page 930 Corruption......Page 932 Counterculture......Page 934 Couples Living Apart Together......Page 935 Courts......Page 937 Credit Cards......Page 940 Creolization......Page 942 Crime......Page 943 Crime, Biosocial Theories Of......Page 947 Crime, Broken Windows Theory Of......Page 950 Crime, Corporate......Page 951 Crime, Hot Spots......Page 953 Crime, Life Course Theory Of......Page 955 Crime, Organized......Page 958 Crime, Political......Page 960 Crime, Psychological Theories Of......Page 961 Crime, Radical/marxist Theories Of......Page 964 Crime, Schools And......Page 967 Crime, Social Control Theory Of......Page 969 Crime, Social Learning Theory Of......Page 972 Crime, White-collar......Page 975 Criminal Justice System......Page 976 Criminology......Page 981 Criminology: Research Methods......Page 986 Critical Pedagogy......Page 989 Critical Qualitative Research......Page 992 Critical Realism......Page 995 Critical Theory/Frankfurt School......Page 998 Cross-sex Friendship......Page 1002 Crowd Behavior......Page 1005 Cults: Social Psychological Aspects......Page 1009 Cultural Capital......Page 1012 Cultural Capital In Schools......Page 1016 Cultural Criminology......Page 1017 Cultural Critique......Page 1021 Cultural Diversity And Aging: Ethnicity, Minorities, And Subcultures......Page 1023 Cultural Feminism......Page 1027 Cultural Imperialism......Page 1031 Cultural Relativism......Page 1033 Cultural Reproduction......Page 1035 Cultural Resistance......Page 1036 Cultural Studies......Page 1038 Cultural Studies, British......Page 1043 Cultural Tourism......Page 1044 Culture......Page 1047 Culture: Conceptual Clarifications......Page 1053 Culture, Economy And......Page 1057 Culture, Gender And......Page 1061 Culture Industries......Page 1067 Culture Jamming......Page 1070 Culture, Nature And......Page 1071 Culture, Organizations And......Page 1073 Culture Of Poverty......Page 1076 Culture, Production Of......Page 1077 Culture, Social Movements And......Page 1079 Culture, The State And......Page 1082 Cybercrime......Page 1085 Cyberculture......Page 1086 Cybersexualities And Virtual Sexuality......Page 1090 Daily Life Pollution......Page 1092 Dangerousness......Page 1094 Davis, Kingsley (1908–97)......Page 1095 Death And Dying......Page 1097 Death Penalty As A Social Problem......Page 1101 Death Of The Sociology Of Deviance?......Page 1103 Debord, Guy (1931–94)......Page 1105 Decision-making......Page 1106 Decolonization......Page 1109 Deconstruction......Page 1111 Deference......Page 1115 Definition Of The Situation......Page 1116 Deindustrialization......Page 1117 Deinstitutionalization......Page 1119 Deleuze, Gilles (1925–95)......Page 1124 Democracy......Page 1125 Democracy And Organizations......Page 1129 Demographic Data: Censuses, Registers, Surveys......Page 1136 Demographic Techniques: Decomposition And Standardization......Page 1139 Demographic Techniques: Event History Methods......Page 1142 Demographic Techniques: Life-table Methods......Page 1146 Demographic Techniques: Population Projections And Estimates......Page 1150 Demographic Techniques: Population Pyramids And Age/sex Structure......Page 1153 Demographic Techniques: Time Use......Page 1155 Demographic Transition Theory......Page 1158 Demography......Page 1163 Demography: Historical......Page 1170 Denationalization......Page 1173 Denomination......Page 1176 Department Store......Page 1181 Dependency And World-systems Theories......Page 1185 Derrida, Jacques (1930–2005)......Page 1187 Descriptive Statistics......Page 1189 Deterrence Theory......Page 1190 Development: Political Economy......Page 1192 Developmental Stages......Page 1195 Developmental State......Page 1198 Deviance......Page 1200 Deviance, Absolutist Definitions Of......Page 1207 Deviance, Academic......Page 1209 Deviance, Constructionist Perspectives......Page 1211 Deviance, Crime And......Page 1217 Deviance, Criminalization Of......Page 1220 Deviance, Explanatory Theories Of......Page 1225 Deviance, The Media And......Page 1232 Deviance, Medicalization Of......Page 1235 Deviance, Moral Boundaries And......Page 1239 Deviance, Normative Definitions Of......Page 1241 Deviance, Positivist Theories Of......Page 1242 Deviance Processing Agencies......Page 1246 Deviance, Reactivist Definitions Of......Page 1248 Deviance, Research Methods......Page 1251 Deviance, Sport And......Page 1256 Deviance, Theories Of......Page 1260 Deviant Beliefs/cognitive Deviance......Page 1265 Deviant Careers......Page 1267 Dewey, John (1859–1952)......Page 1270 Dialectic......Page 1271 Dialectical Materialism......Page 1275 Diaspora......Page 1276 Difference......Page 1278 Differential Treatment Of Children By Sex......Page 1280 Digital......Page 1284 Direct Action......Page 1289 Disability As A Social Problem......Page 1293 Disability Sport......Page 1296 Disasters......Page 1299 Disciplinary Society......Page 1301 Discourse......Page 1304 Discrimination......Page 1307 Disease, Social Causation......Page 1309 Disneyization......Page 1312 Distanciation And Disembedding......Page 1313 Distinction......Page 1314 Distributive Justice......Page 1316 Diversity......Page 1322 Division Of Labor......Page 1324 Divisions Of Household Labor......Page 1327 Divorce......Page 1331 Documentary......Page 1335 Documentary Analysis......Page 1338 Doing Gender......Page 1341 Domestic Violence......Page 1344 Double Consciousness......Page 1345 Drag Queens And Drag Kings......Page 1348 Dramaturgy......Page 1351 Dropping Out Of School......Page 1354 Drug Use......Page 1357 Drugs, Drug Abuse, And Drug Policy......Page 1361 Drugs And The Law......Page 1363 Drugs/substance Use In Sport......Page 1364 Du Bois: ‘‘Talented Tenth’’......Page 1367 Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868–1963)......Page 1369 Dual-earner Couples......Page 1372 Dual Labor Markets......Page 1374 Durkheim, Émile (1858–1917)......Page 1375 Durkheim, Émile And Social Change......Page 1386 Dyad/Triad......Page 1389 Early Childhood......Page 1394 Earner–carer Model......Page 1396 Ecofeminism......Page 1398 Ecological Models Of Urban Form: Concentric Zone Model, The Sector Model, And The Multiple Nuclei Model......Page 1402 Ecological Problems......Page 1406 Ecological View Of History......Page 1411 Ecology......Page 1414 Ecology And Economy......Page 1416 Economic Determinism......Page 1418 Economic Development......Page 1419 Economic Geography......Page 1422 Economic Sociology: Classical Political Economic Perspectives......Page 1425 Economic Sociology: Neoclassical Economic Perspective......Page 1428 Economy, Culture And......Page 1431 Economy, Networks And......Page 1436 Economy, Religion And......Page 1440 Economy (Sociological Approach)......Page 1443 Education......Page 1448 Education, Adult......Page 1453 Education And Economy......Page 1456 Educational Attainment......Page 1458 Educational Inequality......Page 1461 Educational And Occupational Attainment......Page 1465 Effect Sizes......Page 1470 Elder Abuse......Page 1472 Elder Care......Page 1474 Elementary Theory......Page 1477 Elias, Norbert (1897–1990)......Page 1482 Elite Culture......Page 1485 Elites......Page 1487 Ellis, Havelock (1859–1939)......Page 1489 Emergent Norm Theory......Page 1491 Emerson, Richard M. (1925–82)......Page 1493 Emic/Etic......Page 1496 Emotion: Cultural Aspects......Page 1499 Emotion: Social Psychological Aspects......Page 1503 Emotion Work......Page 1507 Emotions And Economy......Page 1509 Emotions And Social Movements......Page 1514 Empire......Page 1517 Empiricism......Page 1522 Employment Status Changes......Page 1523 en......Page 1525 Encoding/decoding......Page 1528 Endogamy......Page 1529 Endogenous Development......Page 1531 Engels, Friedrich (1820–95)......Page 1533 Enterprise......Page 1535 Enterprise Unions......Page 1538 Environment, Sociology Of The......Page 1542 Environment And Urbanization......Page 1548 Environmental Criminology......Page 1551 Environmental Movements......Page 1553 Epidemiology......Page 1558 Epistemology......Page 1559 Essentialism And Constructionism......Page 1561 Ethic Of Care......Page 1563 Ethics, Business......Page 1564 Ethics, Fieldwork......Page 1567 Ethics, Research......Page 1572 Ethnic Cleansing......Page 1575 Ethnic Enclaves......Page 1577 Ethnic Groups......Page 1582 Ethnic/informal Economy......Page 1584 Ethnic And Racial Division Of Labor......Page 1588 Ethnic, Racial, And Nationalist Movements......Page 1590 Ethnicity......Page 1600 Ethnocentrism......Page 1603 Ethnography......Page 1604 Ethnomethodology......Page 1608 Ethnonationalism......Page 1611 Eugenics......Page 1613 Eurocentrism......Page 1616 Euthanasia......Page 1620 Evaluation......Page 1623 Everyday Life......Page 1627 Evolution......Page 1628 Exchange Network Theory......Page 1637 Exchange-value......Page 1640 Exercise And Fitness......Page 1641 Exhibitionism......Page 1643 Existential Sociology......Page 1644 Expectation States Theory......Page 1649 Expectations And Aspirations......Page 1653 Experiment......Page 1656 Experimental Design......Page 1658 Experimental Methods......Page 1662 Expertise, ‘‘Scientification,’’ And The Authority Of Science......Page 1666 Exploitation......Page 1668 Extracurricular Activities......Page 1671 Exurbia......Page 1674 Facework......Page 1678 Fact, Theory, And Hypothesis: Including The History Of The Scientific Fact......Page 1679 Factor Analysis......Page 1682 Fajnzylber, Fernando (1940–91)......Page 1684 Faletto, Enzo (1935–2003)......Page 1689 False Consciousness......Page 1693 Falsification......Page 1695 Families And Childhood Disabilities......Page 1697 Family And Community......Page 1699 Family Conflict......Page 1705 Family Demography......Page 1708 Family Diversity......Page 1714 Family, History Of......Page 1719 Family, Men’s Involvement In......Page 1726 Family Migration......Page 1730 Family Planning, Abortion, And Reproductive Health......Page 1734 Family Poverty......Page 1737 Family, Sociology Of......Page 1739 Family Structure......Page 1743 Family Structure And Child Outcomes......Page 1746 Family Structure And Poverty......Page 1751 Family Theory......Page 1755 Family Therapy......Page 1759 Fanon, Frantz (1925–61)......Page 1761 Fans And Fan Culture......Page 1762 Fantasy City......Page 1766 Fascism......Page 1769 Fatherhood......Page 1772 Fear......Page 1775 Federalism......Page 1776 Female Genital Mutilation......Page 1778 Female Masculinity......Page 1782 Female Sex Work As Deviance......Page 1784 Femininities/ Masculinities......Page 1787 Feminism......Page 1791 Feminism, First, Second, And Third Waves......Page 1797 Feminism And Science, Feminist Epistemology......Page 1806 Feminist Activism In Latin America......Page 1810 Feminist Anthropology......Page 1814 Feminist Criminology......Page 1818 Feminist Disability Studies......Page 1821 Feminist Methodology......Page 1826 Feminist Pedagogy......Page 1831 Feminist Standpoint Theory......Page 1835 Feminization Of Labor Migration......Page 1840 Feminization Of Poverty......Page 1843 Fertility: Adolescent......Page 1850 Fertility: Low......Page 1854 Fertility: Nonmarital......Page 1859 Fertility And Public Policy......Page 1862 Fertility: Transitions And Measures......Page 1866 Fetishism......Page 1870 Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804–72)......Page 1872 Figurational Sociology And The Sociology Of Sport......Page 1874 Film......Page 1877 Finalization In Science......Page 1882 Financial Sociology......Page 1884 Flânerie......Page 1887 Folk Hinduism......Page 1889 Football Hooliganism......Page 1892 Fordism/Post-Fordism......Page 1894 Foucauldian Archeological Analyses......Page 1896 Foucault, Michel (1926–84)......Page 1899 Frame......Page 1903 Framing And Social Movements......Page 1905 Franchise......Page 1909 Frazier, E. Franklin (1894–1962)......Page 1910 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1930)......Page 1911 Friendship During The Later Years......Page 1912 Friendship: Interpersonal Aspects......Page 1913 Friendship, Social Inequality, And Social Change......Page 1917 Friendship: Structure And Context......Page 1920 Friendships Of Adolescence......Page 1924 Friendships Of Children......Page 1926 Friendships Of Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual People......Page 1928 Fromm, Erich (1900–80)......Page 1929 Function......Page 1933 Functionalism/ Neofunctionalism......Page 1935 Fundamentalism......Page 1938 Gambling As A Social Problem......Page 1942 Gambling And Sport......Page 1943 Game Stage......Page 1946 Game Theory......Page 1947 Gangs, Delinquent......Page 1950 Gay Bashing......Page 1953 Gay Gene......Page 1955 Gay And Lesbian Movement......Page 1958 Gellner, Ernst (1925–95)......Page 1963 Gender, Aging And......Page 1965 Gender Bias......Page 1968 Gender, The Body And......Page 1970 Gender, Consumption And......Page 1973 Gender, Development And......Page 1977 Gender, Deviance And......Page 1981 Gender, Education And......Page 1984 Gender, Friendship And......Page 1987 Gender, Health, And Mortality......Page 1989 Gender Ideology And Gender Role Ideology......Page 1992 Gender Mainstreaming......Page 1994 Gender Oppression......Page 1996 Gender, Social Movements And......Page 1997 Gender, Sport And......Page 2000 Gender, Work, And Family......Page 2005 Gendered Aspects Of War And International Violence......Page 2010 Gendered Enterprise......Page 2013 Gendered Organizations/ Institutions......Page 2017 Genealogy......Page 2021 General Linear Model......Page 2022 Generalized Other......Page 2024 Generational Change......Page 2025 Genetic Engineering As A Social Problem......Page 2031 Genocide......Page 2034 Genre......Page 2038 Gentrification......Page 2042 Germani, Gino (1911–79)......Page 2045 Gerontology......Page 2051 Gerontology: Key Thinkers......Page 2056 Ghetto......Page 2061 Gift......Page 2063 Gift Relations......Page 2065 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860–1935)......Page 2066 Gini Coefficient......Page 2067 Global Economy......Page 2068 Global Justice As A Social Movement......Page 2072 Global Politics......Page 2075 Global/world Cities......Page 2078 Globalization......Page 2081 Globalization, Consumption And......Page 2085 Globalization, Culture And......Page 2089 Globalization, Education And......Page 2096 Globalization And Global Justice......Page 2101 Globalization, Religion And......Page 2105 Globalization, Sexuality And......Page 2108 Globalization, Sport And......Page 2111 Globalization, Values And......Page 2115 Glocalization......Page 2119 Goffman, Erving (1922–82)......Page 2120 Gökalp, Ziya (1876–1924)......Page 2124 Goldman, Emma (1869–1940)......Page 2129 Governmentality And Control......Page 2133 Graduate Study......Page 2136 Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937)......Page 2139 Grandparenthood......Page 2142 Great Depression......Page 2145 Grobalization......Page 2147 Grounded Theory......Page 2148 Group Processes......Page 2152 Groups......Page 2154 Growth Machine......Page 2158 Guattari, Félix (1930–92)......Page 2162 Gumplowicz, Ludwig (1838–1909)......Page 2163 Gurvitch, Georges: Social Change......Page 2165 Habitus/Field......Page 2170 Halbwachs, Maurice (1877–1945)......Page 2172 Hate Crimes......Page 2173 Hawthorne Effect......Page 2175 Health Behavior......Page 2176 Health Care Delivery Systems......Page 2177 Health And Culture......Page 2183 Health Lifestyles......Page 2186 Health Locus Of Control......Page 2188 Health Maintenance Organization......Page 2190 Health And Medicine......Page 2192 Health, Neighborhood Disadvantage......Page 2197 Health Professions And Occupations......Page 2200 Health And Race......Page 2203 Health And Religion......Page 2206 Health Risk Behavior......Page 2208 Health, Self-rated......Page 2210 Health And Social Class......Page 2211 Health And Sport......Page 2216 Healthy Life Expectancy......Page 2220 Hegel, G. W. F. (1770–1831)......Page 2223 Hegemonic Masculinity......Page 2224 Hegemony And The Media......Page 2226 Help-seeking......Page 2229 Hermeneutics......Page 2232 Heterosexual Imaginary......Page 2234 Heterosexuality......Page 2236 Hidden Curriculum......Page 2241 Hierarchical Linear Models......Page 2243 High School Sports......Page 2245 Highbrow/Lowbrow......Page 2248 High-speed Transportation Pollution......Page 2251 Hinduism......Page 2253 Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868–1935)......Page 2257 Historical And Comparative Methods......Page 2258 Hiv/Aids And Population......Page 2261 Hobhouse, L. T. (1864–1929)......Page 2265 Holocaust......Page 2267 Homans, George (1910–89)......Page 2269 Homelessness......Page 2271 Homicide......Page 2276 Homophobia......Page 2277 Homophobia And Heterosexism......Page 2279 Homosexuality......Page 2282 Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)......Page 2288 Hospitals......Page 2290 Households......Page 2293 Howard, George Elliott (1849–1928)......Page 2295 Human Genome And The Science Of Life......Page 2296 Human–non-human Interaction......Page 2300 Human Resource Management......Page 2303 Human Rights......Page 2307 Humanism......Page 2311 Hybridity......Page 2313 Hyperconsumption/ Overconsumption......Page 2316 Hyperreality......Page 2319 Hypersegregation......Page 2321 Hypotheses......Page 2324 Ideal Type......Page 2326 Identity Control Theory......Page 2327 Identity, Deviant......Page 2332 Identity: The Management Of Meaning......Page 2335 Identity Politics/ Relational Politics......Page 2339 Identity: Social Psychological Aspects......Page 2341 Identity, Sport And......Page 2345 Identity Theory......Page 2348 Ideological Hegemony......Page 2352 Ideology......Page 2355 Ideology, Economy And......Page 2357 Ideology, Sport And......Page 2360 Idioculture......Page 2362 Ie......Page 2363 Illness Behavior......Page 2366 Illness Experience......Page 2370 Illness Narrative......Page 2371 Imagined Communities......Page 2373 Imanishi, Kinji (1902–92)......Page 2374 Immigrant Families......Page 2377 Immigration......Page 2380 Immigration And Language......Page 2383 Immigration Policy......Page 2387 Imperialism......Page 2391 Implosion......Page 2393 Impression Formation......Page 2394 Income Inequality, Global......Page 2399 Income Inequality And Income Mobility......Page 2400 Index Crime......Page 2402 Indigenous Movements......Page 2403 Indigenous Peoples......Page 2405 Individualism......Page 2410 Induction And Observation In Science......Page 2411 Industrial Relations......Page 2412 Industrial Revolution......Page 2418 Industrialization......Page 2422 Inequalities In Marriage......Page 2426 Inequality And The City......Page 2429 Inequality/Stratification, Gender......Page 2432 Inequality, Wealth......Page 2435 Infant, Child, And Maternal Health And Mortality......Page 2438 Infertility......Page 2445 Infidelity And Marital Affairs......Page 2448 Information And Resource Processing Paradigm......Page 2450 Information Society......Page 2451 Information Technology......Page 2456 Infotainment......Page 2461 In-groups And Out-groups......Page 2463 Insecurity And Fear Of Crime......Page 2464 Institution......Page 2469 Institutional Review Boards And Sociological Research......Page 2470 Institutional Theory, New......Page 2476 Institutionalism......Page 2478 Intellectual Property......Page 2482 Intelligence Tests......Page 2483 Interaction......Page 2486 Interaction Order......Page 2490 Intergenerational Conflict......Page 2491 Intergenerational Mobility: Core Model Of Social Fluidity......Page 2493 Intergenerational Mobility: Methods Of Analysis......Page 2498 Intergenerational Relationships And Exchanges......Page 2505 International Gender Division Of Labor......Page 2507 Internet......Page 2509 Internet Medicine......Page 2513 Interpersonal Relationships... Cover 1 Copyright 5 Contents 6 About The Editor And Managing Editors 8 Advisory Editors 10 Contributors 16 Acknowledgments 62 Introduction 64 Timeline 72 Lexicon 94 Entries 126 A 126 Abolitionism 126 Abortion As A Social Problem 128 Absenteeism 129 Accommodation 132 Accounts 134 Accounts, Deviant 137 Acculturation 139 Action Research 141 Actor-network Theory 145 Actor-network Theory, Actants 146 Addams, Jane (1860–1935) 148 Addiction And Dependency 151 Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–69) 152 Advertising 155 Aesthetics 159 Affect Control Theory 160 Affirmative Action 164 Affirmative Action For Majority Groups 167 Affirmative Action (Race And Ethnic Quotas) 170 Age And Crime 173 Age Identity 174 Age, Period, And Cohort Effects 177 Age Prejudice And Discrimination 181 Agency (and Intention) 185 Agenda Setting 188 Aggression 189 Aging, Demography Of 192 Aging And Health Policy 196 Aging And The Life Course, Theories Of 198 Aging, Longitudinal Studies 202 Aging, Mental Health, And Well-being 204 Aging And Social Policy 209 Aging And Social Support 213 Aging, Sociology Of 218 Aging And Technology 226 Aging And Work Performance 228 Aids, Sociology Of 231 Al-Biruni (973–1048) 236 Alcohol And Crime 239 Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse 241 Alienation 244 Alliances 246 Alliances (racial/ethnic) 248 Althusser, Louis (1918–90) 250 Ambivalence 252 American Dilemma, An (Gunnar Myrdal) 253 American Sociological Association 255 Analytic Induction 259 Anarchism 261 Anglo-conformity 262 Animal Rights Movements 263 Animism 266 Annales School 267 Anomie 269 Anova (Analysis Of Variance) 271 Anthropology, Cultural And Social: Early History 272 Anthrozoology 275 Anti-semitism (Religion) 277 Anti-semitism (Social Change) 279 Anti-war And Peace Movements 286 Apartheid And Nelson Mandela 287 Arcades 290 Arendt, Hannah (1906–75) 291 Aron, Raymond (1905–83) 300 Art Worlds 302 ’Asabiyya 305 Asceticism 310 Asch Experiments 314 Assimilation 316 Atheism 321 Attitudes And Behavior 324 Attraction 327 Attribution Theory 330 Audiences 333 Auditing 337 Authenticity Criteria 338 Author/auteur 341 Authoritarian Personality 345 Authoritarianism 347 Authority And Conformity 350 Authority And Legitimacy 354 Autoethnography 355 Autopoiesis 357 Awareness Contexts 358 B 362 ba 362 Balkanization 364 Bankruptcy 366 Barthes, Roland (1915–80) 367 Base And Superstructure 369 Bataille, Georges (1897–1962) 371 Bateson, Gregory (1904–80) 372 Beard, Mary Ritter (1876–1958) 375 Beauvoir, Simone De (1908–86) 376 Beccaria, Cesare (1738–94) 380 Behaviorism 381 Belief 383 Bell Curve 387 Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein And Murray) 388 Benefit And Victimized Zones 390 Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) 392 Bernard, Jessie (1903–96) 395 Bifurcated Consciousness, Line Of Fault 399 Big Science And Collective Research 400 Bilingual, Multicultural Education 402 Bilingualism 406 Biodemography 408 Biography 412 Biosociological Theories 416 Biracialism 420 Birmingham School 422 Bisexuality 426 Black Feminist Thought 430 Black Urban Regime 435 Blasé/Neurasthenic Personalities 437 Blau, Peter (1918–2002) 438 Blockbusting 441 Blumer, Herbert George (1900–87) 443 Boas, Franz (1858–1942) 446 Body, Abominations Of The 448 Body And Cultural Sociology 449 Body Modification 453 Body And Sexuality 455 Body And Society 460 Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo (1935–91) 464 Bottomore, T. B. (1920–92) 469 Boundaries (racial/ethnic) 470 Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002) 472 Bourgeoisie And Proletariat 475 Brand Culture 476 Branding And Organizational Identity 478 Brands And Branding 482 Braudel, Fernand (1902–85) 485 Braverman, Harry (1922–76) 488 Bricolage 490 British Sociological Association 491 Brown v. Board of Education 492 Buddhism 495 Built Environment 499 Bureaucracy And Public Sector Governmentality 501 Bureaucratic Personality 503 Burundi And Rwanda (hutu, Tutsi) 505 C 508 Capital: Economic, Cultural, And Social 508 Capital Punishment 510 Capital, Secondary Circuit Of 513 Capitalism 515 Capitalism, Social Institutions Of 520 Captive Mind 523 Caregiving 526 Carework 527 Caste: Inequalities Past And Present 529 Castoriadis, Cornelius (1922–97) 531 Catholicism 532 caudillismo 536 Celebrity And Celetoid 540 Celebrity Culture 542 Censorship 546 Central Business District 547 Certeau, Michel De (1925–86) 548 Chance And Probability 550 Change Management 552 Chaos 557 Charisma 558 Charisma, Routinization Of 562 Charismatic Movement 564 Chicago School 567 Chicago School: Social Change 570 Child Abuse 573 Child Custody And Child Support 576 Child Labor 580 Childcare 582 Childhood 584 Childhood Sexuality 587 Children And Divorce 592 Chonaikai 596 Christianity 599 Chronic Illness And Disability 604 Church 608 Citations And Scientific Indexing 614 Cities In Europe 618 Citizenship 622 City 625 City Planning/urban Design 627 Civil Minimum 630 Civil Religion 631 Civil Rights Movement 632 Civil Society 637 Civilization And Economy 639 Civilizations 644 Civilizing Process 654 Class 658 Class Conflict 662 Class Consciousness 664 Class And Crime 667 Class, Perceptions Of 670 Class, Status, And Power 672 Class And Voting 676 Classification 679 Cloning 681 Cognitive Balance Theory (Heider) 684 Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) 687 Cohabitation 690 Coleman, James (1926–95) 694 Collective Action 699 Collective Consciousness 706 Collective Deviance 708 Collective Efficacy And Crime 709 Collective Identity 711 Collective Memory 713 Collective Memory (Social Change) 715 Collective Trauma 718 Collectivism 723 Colleges And Universities 724 Colonialism (Neocolonialism) 727 Color Line 729 Coming Out/closets 730 Commodities, Commodity Fetishism, And Commodification 732 Communism 737 Community 742 Community College 745 Community And Economy 749 Community And Media 751 Complementary And Alternative Medicine 754 Complexity And Emergence 758 Compositional Theory Of Urbanism 761 Compulsory Heterosexuality 763 Computational Sociology 764 Computer-aided/ Mediated Analysis 770 Comte, Auguste (1798–1857) 775 Confidence Intervals 781 Conflict (racial/ethnic) 784 Conflict Theory 787 Conflict Theory And Crime And Delinquency 790 Confucianism 793 Conjugal Roles And Social Networks 797 Connubium (who Marries Whom?) 799 Consciousness Raising 801 Conservatism 803 Conspicuous Consumption 806 Constructionism 811 (Constructive) Technology Assessment 812 Consumer Culture, Children’s 818 Consumer Movements 822 Consumers, Flawed 824 Consumption 826 Consumption, African Americans 831 Consumption And The Body 834 Consumption, Cathedrals Of 837 Consumption And The Chicago Tradition 839 Consumption, Experiential 841 Consumption, Fashion And 843 Consumption, Food And Cultural 846 Consumption, Girls’ Culture And 849 Consumption, Green/sustainable 852 Consumption And Intellectual Property 854 Consumption And The Internet 857 Consumption, Landscapes Of 859 Consumption, Masculinities And 860 Consumption, Mass Consumption, And Consumer Culture 862 Consumption Of Music 871 Consumption, Provisioning And 873 Consumption, Religion And 875 Consumption Rituals 878 Consumption, Spectacles Of 880 Consumption Of Sport 885 Consumption, Tourism And 886 Consumption, Urban/city As Consumerspace 890 Consumption, Visual 894 Consumption, Youth Culture And 898 Content Analysis 901 Contention, Tactical Repertoires Of 904 Control Balance Theory 907 Controversy Studies 909 Convenience Sample 913 Conversation 915 Conversation Analysis 916 Convivium (who Is Friends With Whom?) 920 Cool 922 Cooley, Charles Horton (1864–1929) 923 Corrections 926 Correlation 930 Corruption 932 Counterculture 934 Couples Living Apart Together 935 Courts 937 Credit Cards 940 Creolization 942 Crime 943 Crime, Biosocial Theories Of 947 Crime, Broken Windows Theory Of 950 Crime, Corporate 951 Crime, Hot Spots 953 Crime, Life Course Theory Of 955 Crime, Organized 958 Crime, Political 960 Crime, Psychological Theories Of 961 Crime, Radical/marxist Theories Of 964 Crime, Schools And 967 Crime, Social Control Theory Of 969 Crime, Social Learning Theory Of 972 Crime, White-collar 975 Criminal Justice System 976 Criminology 981 Criminology: Research Methods 986 Critical Pedagogy 989 Critical Qualitative Research 992 Critical Realism 995 Critical Theory/Frankfurt School 998 Cross-sex Friendship 1002 Crowd Behavior 1005 Cults: Social Psychological Aspects 1009 Cultural Capital 1012 Cultural Capital In Schools 1016 Cultural Criminology 1017 Cultural Critique 1021 Cultural Diversity And Aging: Ethnicity, Minorities, And Subcultures 1023 Cultural Feminism 1027 Cultural Imperialism 1031 Cultural Relativism 1033 Cultural Reproduction 1035 Cultural Resistance 1036 Cultural Studies 1038 Cultural Studies, British 1043 Cultural Tourism 1044 Culture 1047 Culture: Conceptual Clarifications 1053 Culture, Economy And 1057 Culture, Gender And 1061 Culture Industries 1067 Culture Jamming 1070 Culture, Nature And 1071 Culture, Organizations And 1073 Culture Of Poverty 1076 Culture, Production Of 1077 Culture, Social Movements And 1079 Culture, The State And 1082 Cybercrime 1085 Cyberculture 1086 Cybersexualities And Virtual Sexuality 1090 D 1092 Daily Life Pollution 1092 Dangerousness 1094 Davis, Kingsley (1908–97) 1095 Death And Dying 1097 Death Penalty As A Social Problem 1101 Death Of The Sociology Of Deviance? 1103 Debord, Guy (1931–94) 1105 Decision-making 1106 Decolonization 1109 Deconstruction 1111 Deference 1115 Definition Of The Situation 1116 Deindustrialization 1117 Deinstitutionalization 1119 Deleuze, Gilles (1925–95) 1124 Democracy 1125 Democracy And Organizations 1129 Demographic Data: Censuses, Registers, Surveys 1136 Demographic Techniques: Decomposition And Standardization 1139 Demographic Techniques: Event History Methods 1142 Demographic Techniques: Life-table Methods 1146 Demographic Techniques: Population Projections And Estimates 1150 Demographic Techniques: Population Pyramids And Age/sex Structure 1153 Demographic Techniques: Time Use 1155 Demographic Transition Theory 1158 Demography 1163 Demography: Historical 1170 Denationalization 1173 Denomination 1176 Department Store 1181 Dependency And World-systems Theories 1185 Derrida, Jacques (1930–2005) 1187 Descriptive Statistics 1189 Deterrence Theory 1190 Development: Political Economy 1192 Developmental Stages 1195 Developmental State 1198 Deviance 1200 Deviance, Absolutist Definitions Of 1207 Deviance, Academic 1209 Deviance, Constructionist Perspectives 1211 Deviance, Crime And 1217 Deviance, Criminalization Of 1220 Deviance, Explanatory Theories Of 1225 Deviance, The Media And 1232 Deviance, Medicalization Of 1235 Deviance, Moral Boundaries And 1239 Deviance, Normative Definitions Of 1241 Deviance, Positivist Theories Of 1242 Deviance Processing Agencies 1246 Deviance, Reactivist Definitions Of 1248 Deviance, Research Methods 1251 Deviance, Sport And 1256 Deviance, Theories Of 1260 Deviant Beliefs/cognitive Deviance 1265 Deviant Careers 1267 Dewey, John (1859–1952) 1270 Dialectic 1271 Dialectical Materialism 1275 Diaspora 1276 Difference 1278 Differential Treatment Of Children By Sex 1280 Digital 1284 Direct Action 1289 Disability As A Social Problem 1293 Disability Sport 1296 Disasters 1299 Disciplinary Society 1301 Discourse 1304 Discrimination 1307 Disease, Social Causation 1309 Disneyization 1312 Distanciation And Disembedding 1313 Distinction 1314 Distributive Justice 1316 Diversity 1322 Division Of Labor 1324 Divisions Of Household Labor 1327 Divorce 1331 Documentary 1335 Documentary Analysis 1338 Doing Gender 1341 Domestic Violence 1344 Double Consciousness 1345 Drag Queens And Drag Kings 1348 Dramaturgy 1351 Dropping Out Of School 1354 Drug Use 1357 Drugs, Drug Abuse, And Drug Policy 1361 Drugs And The Law 1363 Drugs/substance Use In Sport 1364 Du Bois: ‘‘Talented Tenth’’ 1367 Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868–1963) 1369 Dual-earner Couples 1372 Dual Labor Markets 1374 Durkheim, Émile (1858–1917) 1375 Durkheim, Émile And Social Change 1386 Dyad/Triad 1389 E 1394 Early Childhood 1394 Earner–carer Model 1396 Ecofeminism 1398 Ecological Models Of Urban Form: Concentric Zone Model, The Sector Model, And The Multiple Nuclei Model 1402 Ecological Problems 1406 Ecological View Of History 1411 Ecology 1414 Ecology And Economy 1416 Economic Determinism 1418 Economic Development 1419 Economic Geography 1422 Economic Sociology: Classical Political Economic Perspectives 1425 Economic Sociology: Neoclassical Economic Perspective 1428 Economy, Culture And 1431 Economy, Networks And 1436 Economy, Religion And 1440 Economy (Sociological Approach) 1443 Education 1448 Education, Adult 1453 Education And Economy 1456 Educational Attainment 1458 Educational Inequality 1461 Educational And Occupational Attainment 1465 Effect Sizes 1470 Elder Abuse 1472 Elder Care 1474 Elective Affinity 1477 Elementary Theory 1477 Elias, Norbert (1897–1990) 1482 Elite Culture 1485 Elites 1487 Ellis, Havelock (1859–1939) 1489 Emergent Norm Theory 1491 Emerson, Richard M. (1925–82) 1493 Emic/Etic 1496 Emotion: Cultural Aspects 1499 Emotion: Social Psychological Aspects 1503 Emotion Work 1507 Emotions And Economy 1509 Emotions And Social Movements 1514 Empire 1517 Empiricism 1522 Employment Status Changes 1523 en 1525 Encoding/decoding 1528 Endogamy 1529 Endogenous Development 1531 Engels, Friedrich (1820–95) 1533 Enterprise 1535 Enterprise Unions 1538 Environment, Sociology Of The 1542 Environment And Urbanization 1548 Environmental Criminology 1551 Environmental Movements 1553 Epidemiology 1558 Epistemology 1559 Essentialism And Constructionism 1561 Ethic Of Care 1563 Ethics, Business 1564 Ethics, Fieldwork 1567 Ethics, Research 1572 Ethnic Cleansing 1575 Ethnic Enclaves 1577 Ethnic Groups 1582 Ethnic/informal Economy 1584 Ethnic And Racial Division Of Labor 1588 Ethnic, Racial, And Nationalist Movements 1590 Ethnicity 1600 Ethnocentrism 1603 Ethnography 1604 Ethnomethodology 1608 Ethnonationalism 1611 Eugenics 1613 Eurocentrism 1616 Euthanasia 1620 Evaluation 1623 Everyday Life 1627 Evolution 1628 Exchange Network Theory 1637 Exchange-value 1640 Exercise And Fitness 1641 Exhibitionism 1643 Existential Sociology 1644 Expectation States Theory 1649 Expectations And Aspirations 1653 Experiment 1656 Experimental Design 1658 Experimental Methods 1662 Expertise, ‘‘Scientification,’’ And The Authority Of Science 1666 Exploitation 1668 Extracurricular Activities 1671 Exurbia 1674 F 1678 Facework 1678 Fact, Theory, And Hypothesis: Including The History Of The Scientific Fact 1679 Factor Analysis 1682 Fajnzylber, Fernando (1940–91) 1684 Faletto, Enzo (1935–2003) 1689 False Consciousness 1693 Falsification 1695 Families And Childhood Disabilities 1697 Family And Community 1699 Family Conflict 1705 Family Demography 1708 Family Diversity 1714 Family, History Of 1719 Family, Men’s Involvement In 1726 Family Migration 1730 Family Planning, Abortion, And Reproductive Health 1734 Family Poverty 1737 Family, Sociology Of 1739 Family Structure 1743 Family Structure And Child Outcomes 1746 Family Structure And Poverty 1751 Family Theory 1755 Family Therapy 1759 Fanon, Frantz (1925–61) 1761 Fans And Fan Culture 1762 Fantasy City 1766 Fascism 1769 Fatherhood 1772 Fear 1775 Federalism 1776 Female Genital Mutilation 1778 Female Masculinity 1782 Female Sex Work As Deviance 1784 Femininities/ Masculinities 1787 Feminism 1791 Feminism, First, Second, And Third Waves 1797 Feminism And Science, Feminist Epistemology 1806 Feminist Activism In Latin America 1810 Feminist Anthropology 1814 Feminist Criminology 1818 Feminist Disability Studies 1821 Feminist Methodology 1826 Feminist Pedagogy 1831 Feminist Standpoint Theory 1835 Feminization Of Labor Migration 1840 Feminization Of Poverty 1843 Fertility: Adolescent 1850 Fertility: Low 1854 Fertility: Nonmarital 1859 Fertility And Public Policy 1862 Fertility: Transitions And Measures 1866 Fetishism 1870 Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804–72) 1872 Figurational Sociology And The Sociology Of Sport 1874 Film 1877 Finalization In Science 1882 Financial Sociology 1884 Flânerie 1887 Folk Hinduism 1889 Football Hooliganism 1892 Fordism/Post-Fordism 1894 Foucauldian Archeological Analyses 1896 Foucault, Michel (1926–84) 1899 Frame 1903 Framing And Social Movements 1905 Franchise 1909 Frazier, E. Franklin (1894–1962) 1910 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1930) 1911 Friendship During The Later Years 1912 Friendship: Interpersonal Aspects 1913 Friendship, Social Inequality, And Social Change 1917 Friendship: Structure And Context 1920 Friendships Of Adolescence 1924 Friendships Of Children 1926 Friendships Of Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual People 1928 Fromm, Erich (1900–80) 1929 Function 1933 Functionalism/ Neofunctionalism 1935 Fundamentalism 1938 G 1942 Gambling As A Social Problem 1942 Gambling And Sport 1943 Game Stage 1946 Game Theory 1947 Gangs, Delinquent 1950 Gay Bashing 1953 Gay Gene 1955 Gay And Lesbian Movement 1958 Gellner, Ernst (1925–95) 1963 Gender, Aging And 1965 Gender Bias 1968 Gender, The Body And 1970 Gender, Consumption And 1973 Gender, Development And 1977 Gender, Deviance And 1981 Gender, Education And 1984 Gender, Friendship And 1987 Gender, Health, And Mortality 1989 Gender Ideology And Gender Role Ideology 1992 Gender Mainstreaming 1994 Gender Oppression 1996 Gender, Social Movements And 1997 Gender, Sport And 2000 Gender, Work, And Family 2005 Gendered Aspects Of War And International Violence 2010 Gendered Enterprise 2013 Gendered Organizations/ Institutions 2017 Genealogy 2021 General Linear Model 2022 Generalized Other 2024 Generational Change 2025 Genetic Engineering As A Social Problem 2031 Genocide 2034 Genre 2038 Gentrification 2042 Germani, Gino (1911–79) 2045 Gerontology 2051 Gerontology: Key Thinkers 2056 Ghetto 2061 Gift 2063 Gift Relations 2065 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860–1935) 2066 Gini Coefficient 2067 Global Economy 2068 Global Justice As A Social Movement 2072 Global Politics 2075 Global/world Cities 2078 Globalization 2081 Globalization, Consumption And 2085 Globalization, Culture And 2089 Globalization, Education And 2096 Globalization And Global Justice 2101 Globalization, Religion And 2105 Globalization, Sexuality And 2108 Globalization, Sport And 2111 Globalization, Values And 2115 Glocalization 2119 Goffman, Erving (1922–82) 2120 Gökalp, Ziya (1876–1924) 2124 Goldman, Emma (1869–1940) 2129 Governmentality And Control 2133 Graduate Study 2136 Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937) 2139 Grandparenthood 2142 Great Depression 2145 Grobalization 2147 Grounded Theory 2148 Group Processes 2152 Groups 2154 Growth Machine 2158 Guattari, Félix (1930–92) 2162 Gumplowicz, Ludwig (1838–1909) 2163 Gurvitch, Georges: Social Change 2165 H 2170 Habitus/Field 2170 Halbwachs, Maurice (1877–1945) 2172 Hate Crimes 2173 Hawthorne Effect 2175 Health Behavior 2176 Health Care Delivery Systems 2177 Health And Culture 2183 Health Lifestyles 2186 Health Locus Of Control 2188 Health Maintenance Organization 2190 Health And Medicine 2192 Health, Neighborhood Disadvantage 2197 Health Professions And Occupations 2200 Health And Race 2203 Health And Religion 2206 Health Risk Behavior 2208 Health, Self-rated 2210 Health And Social Class 2211 Health And Sport 2216 Healthy Life Expectancy 2220 Hegel, G. W. F. (1770–1831) 2223 Hegemonic Masculinity 2224 Hegemony And The Media 2226 Help-seeking 2229 Hermeneutics 2232 Heterosexual Imaginary 2234 Heterosexuality 2236 Hidden Curriculum 2241 Hierarchical Linear Models 2243 High School Sports 2245 Highbrow/Lowbrow 2248 High-speed Transportation Pollution 2251 Hinduism 2253 Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868–1935) 2257 Historical And Comparative Methods 2258 Hiv/Aids And Population 2261 Hobhouse, L. T. (1864–1929) 2265 Holocaust 2267 Homans, George (1910–89) 2269 Homelessness 2271 Homicide 2276 Homophobia 2277 Homophobia And Heterosexism 2279 Homosexuality 2282 Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973) 2288 Hospitals 2290 Households 2293 Howard, George Elliott (1849–1928) 2295 Human Genome And The Science Of Life 2296 Human–non-human Interaction 2300 Human Resource Management 2303 Human Rights 2307 Humanism 2311 Hybridity 2313 Hyperconsumption/ Overconsumption 2316 Hyperreality 2319 Hypersegregation 2321 Hypotheses 2324 I 2326 Ideal Type 2326 Identity Control Theory 2327 Identity, Deviant 2332 Identity: The Management Of Meaning 2335 Identity Politics/ Relational Politics 2339 Identity: Social Psychological Aspects 2341 Identity, Sport And 2345 Identity Theory 2348 Ideological Hegemony 2352 Ideology 2355 Ideology, Economy And 2357 Ideology, Sport And 2360 Idioculture 2362 Ie 2363 Illness Behavior 2366 Illness Experience 2370 Illness Narrative 2371 Imagined Communities 2373 Imanishi, Kinji (1902–92) 2374 Immigrant Families 2377 Immigration 2380 Immigration And Language 2383 Immigration Policy 2387 Imperialism 2391 Implosion 2393 Impression Formation 2394 Income Inequality, Global 2399 Income Inequality And Income Mobility 2400 Index Crime 2402 Indigenous Movements 2403 Indigenous Peoples 2405 Individualism 2410 Induction And Observation In Science 2411 Industrial Relations 2412 Industrial Revolution 2418 Industrialization 2422 Inequalities In Marriage 2426 Inequality And The City 2429 Inequality/Stratification, Gender 2432 Inequality, Wealth 2435 Infant, Child, And Maternal Health And Mortality 2438 Infertility 2445 Infidelity And Marital Affairs 2448 Information And Resource Processing Paradigm 2450 Information Society 2451 Information Technology 2456 Infotainment 2461 In-groups And Out-groups 2463 Insecurity And Fear Of Crime 2464 Institution 2469 Institutional Review Boards And Sociological Research 2470 Institutional Theory, New 2476 Institutionalism 2478 Intellectual Property 2482 Intelligence Tests 2483 Interaction 2486 Interaction Order 2490 Intergenerational Conflict 2491 Intergenerational Mobility: Core Model Of Social Fluidity 2493 Intergenerational Mobility: Methods Of Analysis 2498 Intergenerational Relationships And Exchanges 2505 International Gender Division Of Labor 2507 Internet 2509 Internet Medicine 2513 Interpersonal Relationships 2515 Interracial Unions 2518 Intersectionality 2520 Intersexuality 2524 Intersubjectivity 2525 Intertextuality 2527 Intervention Studies 2528 Interviewing, Structured, Unstructured, And Postmodern 2532 Intimacy 2536 Intimate Union Formation And Dissolution 2539 Invasion-succession 2543 Investigative Poetics 2545 Islam 2549 Islamic Sexual Culture 2553 J 2556 James, William (1842–1910) 2556 Japanese-style Management 2560 Jehovah’s Witnesses 2563 Jevons, William (1835–82) 2566 Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1893–1956) 2569 Jömin 2570 Journaling, Reflexive 2572 Judaism 2573 Juvenile Delinquency 2579 K 2582 Key Informant 2582 Khaldun, Ibn (732–808 Ah/1332–1406) 2583 Kindergarten 2587 King, Martin Luther (1929–68) 2590 Kinsey, Alfred (1892–1956) 2592 Kinship 2594 Kitsuse, John I. (1923–2003) 2596 Knowledge 2599 Knowledge Management 2601 Knowledge Societies 2605 Knowledge, Sociology Of 2607 Komarovsky, Mirra (1905–99) 2610 Kondratieff Cycles 2614 Krafft-Ebing, Richard Von (1840–1902) 2617 Kuhn, Thomas And Scientific Paradigms 2618 Kurauchi, Kazuta (1896–1988) 2622 L 2626 Labeling 2626 Labeling Theory 2629 Labor/Labor Power 2632 Labor–management Relations 2634 Labor Markets 2639 Labor Movement 2643 Labor Process 2646 Laboratory Studies And The World Of The Scientific Lab 2649 Laborism 2651 Lacan, Jacques (1901–81) 2652 Laicism 2654 Language 2658 Langue and Parole 2663 Late-life Sexuality 2664 Latent Growth Curve Models 2667 Later-life Marriage 2671 Latinidad And Consumer Culture 2673 Law, Civil 2677 Law, Criminal 2678 Law, Economy And 2682 Law, Sociology Of 2685 Lazarsfeld, Paul (1901–76) 2689 Leadership 2690 Learned Helplessness 2692 Leaving Home In The Transition To Adulthood 2695 Lechner, Norbert (1939–2004) 2700 Lefebvre, Henri (1901–91) 2705 Legal Profession 2708 Legitimacy 2709 Leisure 2713 Leisure, Aging And 2717 Leisure Class 2719 Leisure, Popular Culture And 2721 Lemert, Edwin M. (1912–96) 2725 Lesbian Feminism 2726 Lesbian And Gay Families 2731 Lesbianism 2734 Levittown 2739 Lewin, Kurt (1890–1947) 2740 Liberal Feminism 2743 Liberalism 2747 Liebow, Elliot (1925–94) 2750 Life Chances And Resources 2751 Life Course 2755 Life Course And Family 2757 Life Course Perspective 2759 Life Environmentalism 2765 Life History 2766 Lifestyle 2769 Lifestyle Consumption 2771 Lifeworld 2776 Literacy/illiteracy 2778 Local Residents’ Movements 2781 Log-linear Models 2784 Logocentrism 2785 Lombroso, Cesare (1835–1909) 2787 Lone-parent Families 2788 Longevity, Social Aspects (the Oldest Old) 2793 Looking-glass Self 2794 Love And Commitment 2796 Luhmann, Niklas (1927–98) 2800 Lukács, Georg (1885–1971) 2803 Lust Balance 2806 Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) 2810 M 2814 McDonaldization 2814 McLuhan, Marshall (1911–80) 2815 Madness 2818 Magic 2821 Majorities 2826 Male Rape 2827 Malinowski, Bronislaw K. (1884–1942) 2829 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834) 2830 Managed Care 2834 Management 2835 Management Consultants 2844 Management Discourse 2847 Management Education 2850 Management Fashion 2854 Management History 2856 Management Improvisation 2858 Management Innovation 2861 Management Networks 2867 Management Theory 2869 Management, Workers’ Participation In 2877 Manifest Destiny 2879 Mannheim, Karl (1893–1947) 2881 Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979) 2884 Marginal Art 2886 Marginality 2888 Marginalization, Outsiders 2890 Marianne Weber On Social Change 2891 Marital Power/resource Theory 2895 Marital Quality 2897 Markets 2900 Marriage 2914 Marriage, Sex, And Childbirth 2916 Marshall, Thomas Humphrey (1893–1981) 2919 Martineau, Harriet (1802–76) 2921 Martyrdom 2924 Maruyama, Masao (1914–96) 2927 Marx, Karl (1818–83) 2930 Marxism And Sociology 2940 Masculinities, Crime And 2943 Mass Culture And Mass Society 2946 Mass Media And Socialization 2949 Mass Production 2952 Massive Resistance 2954 Master Status 2957 Masturbation 2957 Material Culture 2960 Materialism 2961 Materialist Feminisms 2964 Materiality And Scientific Practice 2969 Maternalism 2971 Math, Science, And Technology Education 2974 Mathematical Sociology 2978 Matriarchy 2982 Matrix Of Domination 2984 Matthew Effect 2985 Mead, George Herbert (1863–1931) 2986 Mead, Margaret (1901–78) 2990 Measures Of Centrality 2993 Measuring Crime 2994 Media 2998 Media And Consumer Culture 3006 Media And Diaspora 3010 Media And Globalization 3011 Media Literacy 3016 Media Monopoly 3020 Media And Nationalism 3024 Media, Network(s) And 3027 Media And The Public Sphere 3031 Media, Regulation Of 3036 Media And Sport 3041 Mediated Interaction 3046 Mediation 3048 Medical Malpractice 3053 Medical School Socialization 3055 Medical Sociology 3057 Medical Sociology And Genetics 3062 Medicine, Sociology Of 3066 Megalopolis 3067 Melting Pot 3069 Mendieta Y Núñez, Lucio (1895–1988) 3071 Mental Disorder 3076 Meritocracy 3079 Merton, Robert K. (1910–2003) 3083 Mesostructure 3086 Meta-analysis 3088 Metatheory 3089 Methods 3092 Methods, Arts-based 3096 Methods, Bootstrap 3099 Methods, Case Study 3101 Methods, Mixed 3103 Methods, Postcolonial 3106 Methods, Visual 3111 Metropolis 3114 Metropolitan Statistical Area 3118 Michels, Robert (1876–1936) 3121 Micro–Macro Links 3122 Microsociology 3130 Middleman Minorities 3133 Migration, Ethnic Conflicts, And Racism 3136 Migration: Internal 3139 Migration: International 3144 Migration And The Labor Force 3150 Migration: Undocumented/illegal 3156 Milgram, Stanley (Experiments) 3159 Military Research And Science And War 3162 Military Sociology 3165 Mill, John Stuart (1806–73) 3169 Millenarianism 3172 Mills, C. Wright (1916–62) 3175 Mind 3180 Minzoku 3182 Mobility, Horizontal And Vertical 3185 Mobility, Intergenerational And Intragenerational 3186 Mobility, Measuring The Effects Of 3188 Mobilization 3190 Modernity 3193 Modernization 3196 Money 3203 Money Management In Families 3206 Moral Economy 3209 Moral Entrepreneur 3211 Moral Panics 3214 Moral Shocks And Self-recruitment 3217 Moralpolitik (Confucian) 3218 Mortality: Transitions And Measures 3221 Mosca, Gaetano (1858–1941) 3227 Motherhood 3228 Multiculturalism 3230 Multimedia 3233 Multinucleated Metropolitan Region 3237 Multiracial Feminism 3242 Multivariate Analysis 3245 Mumford, Lewis (1895–1990) 3248 Museums 3250 Music 3253 Music And Media 3254 Music And Social Movements 3259 Myth 3261 Mythogenesis 3262 N 3266 Narrative 3266 Nation-State 3267 Nation-state And Nationalism 3268 Nationalism 3277 Nationalism And Sport 3283 Naturalistic Inquiry 3286 Nature 3288 Negative Case Analysis 3291 Nenko chingin 3295 Neoconservatism 3297 Neoliberalism 3300 Neo-marxism 3303 Network Society 3305 Networks 3307 Neurosociology 3310 New Age 3314 New Left 3317 New Left Realism 3321 New Middle Classes In Asia 3323 New Religious Movements 3326 New Reproductive Technologies 3331 New Social Movement Theory 3333 New Urbanism 3336 Ngo/Ingo 3337 Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900) 3338 Nihonjinron 3342 Nobel Prizes And The Scientific Elite 3347 Non-resident Parents 3348 Norm Of Reciprocity 3352 Norms 3354 Nozick, Robert (1938–2002) 3358 O 3360 Objectivity 3360 Observation, Participant And Non-participant 3361 Occupational Mobility 3365 Occupational Segregation 3369 Occupations 3372 Occupations, Scaling Of 3375 Office Ladies 3376 Older Adults, Economic Well-being Of 3379 Oligarchy And Organization 3382 Olympics 3387 One Drop Rule 3390 Operations Management 3392 Opportunities For Learning 3396 Oral Sex 3401 Orality 3403 Organization Theory 3406 Organizational Careers 3411 Organizational Communication 3415 Organizational Contingencies 3424 Organizational Deviance 3428 Organizational Failure 3431 Organizational Learning 3432 Organizations 3435 Organizations As Coercive Institutions 3440 Organizations And Sexuality 3444 Organizations As Social Structures 3446 Organizations And The Theory Of The Firm 3451 Organizations As Total Institutions 3456 Organizations, Tradition And 3460 Organizations, Voluntary 3465 Orientalism 3468 Orthodoxy 3470 Outliers 3474 Outsider-within 3475 Outsourcing 3476 P 3480 Paradigms 3480 Parental Inv Named a Best Reference Work for 2009 by Library Journal''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology'' is published in both print and online. Arranged across eleven volumes in A-Z format, it is ''the'' definitive reference source for students, researchers, and academics in the field. This ground-breaking project brings together specially commissioned entries written and edited by an international team of the world's best scholars and teachers. It provides: Clear, concise, expert definitions and explanations of the key concepts An essential reference for expert and newcomer alike, with entries ranging from short definitions of key terms to extended explorations of major topics Materials that have historically defined the discipline, but also more recent developments, significantly updating the store of sociological knowledge Introductions to sociological theories and research that have developed outside of the United States and Western Europe Sophisticated cross-referencing and search facilities Timeline, lexicon by subject area, bibliography, and index For further details on advisory editors and contributors together with a list of entries, go online to the Encyclopedia website: www.sociologyencyclopedia.com The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology is the reference for students, researchers, librarians, and academics in the field. 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With over 1800 entries / 3.5 million words it will define the discipline of sociology for years to come and provides: Clear, concise, expert definitions and explanations of the key concepts written by leading scholars in the field; An essential reference for expert and newcomer alike, with entries ranging from short definitions of key terms to extended explorations of major topics; Materials that have historically defined the discipline, but also more recent developments, significantly updating the store of sociological knowledge; Introductions to sociological theories and research that have developed outside of the United States and Western Europe; Sophisticated cross-referencing and search facilities; A timeline, lexicon by subject area, and extensive bibliographies; Regular updates of new and revised entries and features "Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology Online" est une réference pour les étudiants, professeurs et chercheurs en sociologie. 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