The Black sea from paleogeography to modern navigation : applied maritime geography and oceanography

Abstract Introduction Contents Chapter 1: The Black Sea Basin, Physical-Geographical Conditions 1.1 The Main Steps in the Paleogeographical Evolution of the Black Sea 1.1.1 The Submarine Coast and Relief, as a Reflection of the Paleogeographical Evolution of the Black Sea Basin 1.2 The Specific Elements in the Paleogeographical Evolution of the Romanian Black Sea Coast 1.3 Coast Evolution in Holocene 1.4 Conclusions 1.5 Conclusions References Chapter 2: The History of Research Conducted in the Black Sea 2.1 Black Sea Research in the Nineteenth Century 2.2 Black Sea Research in the Twentieth Century 2.3 Black Sea Research in the Twenty-First Century 2.3.1 Marine Research Institutions in the Black Sea Coastal States 2.3.2 Marine Research Vessels in the Black Sea 2.3.3 International Organizations in the Black Sea Region 2.3.4 International Programs/Projects in the Black Sea Region in the Twenty-First Century 2.4 Conclusions References Chapter 3: The Morphohydrography and Morphodynamics of the Black Sea 3.1 The Hydrographic Network of the Black Sea Basin 3.2 The Black Sea Morphodynamics 3.2.1 The Coast Aspect in the Western Basin of the Black Sea 3.2.2 The Sea Bottom ́s Relief and the Depths of the Western Basin of the Black Sea 3.2.3 The Sea Bottom ́s Nature in the Western Basin of the Black Sea 3.2.4 The Coast Aspect in the Eastern Basin of the Black Sea 3.2.5 The Sea Bottom ́s Relief and the Depths of the Eastern Basin of the Black Sea 3.2.6 The Sea Bottom ́s Nature in the Eastern Basin of the Black Sea 3.3 Conclusions References Chapter 4: The Influence of the Coastal Relief on the Navigation and Seaborne Trade in the Black Sea 4.1 The Black Sea Coast ́s Lights 4.2 Conclusions References Chapter 5: The Black Sea Basin ́s Meteo-Climatic Characterization 5.1 Anemobaric Regime, Atmospheric Circulation, and Wind Regime in the Black Sea Basin 5.1.1 Atmospheric Pressure Conditions in the Black Sea Basin 5.1.2 The Atmospheric Circulation in the Black Sea Basin Main Types of Pressure Systems and Their Influence in the Black Sea Basin 5.1.3 The Winds ́ Regime in the Black Sea Basin Regional Winds in the Black Sea Basin 5.2 The Air Masses and the Atmospheric Fronts in the Black Sea Basin 5.2.1 The Air Masses and the Atmospheric Fronts in the Black Sea Basin 5.2.2 The Storms Regime in the Black Sea Basin 5.2.2.1 Meteosynoptic Elements in the Western Black Sea Sector, the Siberian Baric Depression Coupling with the Mediterranean ... 5.2.2.2 The Wind Regime in the Western Basin of the Black Sea 5.2.2.3 The Wind Regime in the Eastern Basin of the Black Sea 5.3 The Thermohygrometric Regime. Effects on Temperature Variation and Humidity. Weather Phenomena 5.3.1 The Air Temperatures in the Black Sea Basin 5.3.2 The Atmospheric Humidity Regime in the Black Sea Basin 5.3.3 The Nebulosity Regime in the Black Sea Basin 5.3.4 The Precipitation Regime in the Black Sea Basin 5.3.5 Specific Meteoclimatic Elements Along the Romanian Black Sea Coast 5.4 Black Sea ́s Main Ports Meteorological Data Analysis 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: The Influence of Weather and Climate Factors on the Navigation and Seaborne Trade on the Black Sea 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Short History of the Black Sea ́s Storms 6.2.1 The Storm on February 5-6, 2020 6.3 Naval Accidents in the Black Sea References Chapter 7: The Specific Hydrological Factors of the Black Sea Basin 7.1 The Water Balance and the Water Exchange Through the Straits 7.2 The Black Sea Thermohaline and Density Regimes 7.2.1 The Ice Regime in the Black Sea 7.2.2 The Thermohaline and Density Regime of the Black Sea Waters 7.2.3 The Hydrodynamics of the Black Sea Waters: Level Oscillations, the Waves, and Marine Currents in the Black Sea 7.3 Conclusions References Chapter 8: The Influence of the Hydrological Factors on Navigation and Seaborne Trade on the Black Sea 8.1 The Influence of the Marine Currents on Navigation and Maritime Transportation on the Black Sea 8.2 The Influence of the Hydrological Factors on the Black Sea Coast 8.3 The Influence of the Waves on the Activities in the Black Sea Ports and Harbors 8.4 The Waves ́ Influence on Maritime Navigation in the Black Sea 8.5 The Influence of Hydrological Factors on the Vessel ́s Rolling Motion and Pitching in the Black Sea 8.6 The Influence of Hydrological Factors on a Ship ́s Stability in the Black Sea 8.7 The Speed Loss on the Waves Under the Black Sea Navigation Conditions 8.8 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Hydrobiological Elements Specific to the Black Sea: Black Sea Ecology 9.1 Hydrobiological Elements Specific to the Black Sea 9.2 Black Sea Ecology 9.2.1 Threats and Pressures in the Black Sea ́s Environment 9.2.2 Black Sea ́s Pollution 9.2.3 Invasive Species in the Black Sea 9.3 The Romanian Black Sea Coast: Hydrobiological Elements 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10: The Historical, Social, Political, Economic, and Geopolitical Framework of the Black Sea Basin Influencing Maritim... 10.1 The Historical, Social, and Political Framework of the Black Sea 10.2 The Black Sea Coastal States 10.2.1 Romania 10.2.2 Bulgaria 10.2.3 Turkey 10.2.4 Georgia 10.2.5 The Russian Federation 10.2.6 Ukraine 10.2.7 The Republic of Moldova 10.3 The Economic and Geopolitical Framework of the Black Sea 10.3.1 World Economy Framework 10.3.2 The Economic Power of the Black Sea Coastal States 10.3.3 The Human Development Index (HDI-2018) of the Black Sea Coastal States 10.3.4 Transport Links Between the Black Sea Region and Europe and Asia 10.4 Seaborne Trade in the Black Sea 10.4.1 The Black Sea ́s Coastal States Merchant Fleet 10.4.2 The Black Sea ́s Ports 10.4.3 Black Sea Romanian Ports 10.4.4 Black Sea Bulgarian Ports 10.4.5 Black Sea Turkish Ports 10.4.6 Black Sea Georgian Ports 10.4.7 Black Sea Russian Ports 10.4.8 Black Sea Ukrainian Ports 10.4.9 Ports of Republic of Moldova 10.5 The Black Sea Ports Cargo Throughput 10.5.1 The Port Traffic Capacity in the Black Sea 10.5.2 Seaborne Trade in the Black Sea 10.6 Main Sea Routes in the Black Sea 10.6.1 Black Sea Routes 10.6.2 Black Sea Ferryboats Lines 10.6.3 Safety of Navigation in the Black Sea 10.7 The Geopolitical Importance of the Black Sea 10.7.1 The importance of the Black Sea in the Twenty-First Century. Black Sea ``The Majestic Swan of Europe ́ ́ 10.7.2 The Extended Region of the Black Sea 10.7.3 The Geographic Potential of the Black Sea Coastal States 10.7.4 The Military Dimensions of the Black Sea Basin 10.8 Conclusions References POSTFATĂ (In Romanian) Afterword This book provides an analysis of the evolution of navigation and seaborne trade in the Black Sea, considering the geographic, geological, and hydro-meteorological data, including information from the historical, geopolitical, economic, social, and military frames. In ancient times the Black Sea was at the edge of the known world, and together with its coasts it preserves traces of the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. Many of the ancient ports were important and essential towns, which remains the case in modern times.The complex geographical conditions that have historically influenced, and continue to influence the development of maritime trade and transport in the Black Sea, have not been thoroughly researched or optimized for these activities. The book is divided into ten chapters. Chapter I describes the physical - geographical conditions of the Black Sea's basin, and the geological evolution of its recent history, with application to the hypothesis of Noah's flood. Chapter 2 presents a short history of the research conducted on the Black Sea upto present day. Chapter 3 summarizes the specific characteristics of the Black Sea's morphohydrography and morphodynamics. Chapter 4 contains the conclusions regarding the influence of coastal relief on the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 5 analyzes the Black Sea basin's meteo-climatic regime. Chapter 6 contains the conclusions of the influence of weather and climate factors on the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 7 describes the specific hydrological factors of the Black Sea. Chapter 8 contains the conclusions regarding the influence of the hydrological factors for the navigation and seaborne trade on the Black Sea. Chapter 9 presents the Black Sea's specific hydrobiological elements specific, as a "unicum hydrobiologicum", and the main features of the Black Sea's ecology. Chapter 10 is concentrated on the historical, social, political, economic, and geopolitical framework of the Black Sea basin influencing navigation and maritime transportation, from ancient times to the present.The book is written from the perspective of a Romanian Navy officer, with more than 40 years' experience in the Romanian Navy This book provides an analysis of the evolution of navigation and seaborne trade in the Black Sea, considering the geographic, geological, and hydro-meteorological data, including information from the historical, geopolitical, economic, social, and military frames. In ancient times the Black Sea was at the edge of the known world, and together with its coasts it preserves traces of the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. Many of the ancient ports were important and essential towns, which remains the case in modern times. The complex geographical conditions that have historically influenced, and continue to influence the development of maritime trade and transport in the Black Sea, have not been thoroughly researched or optimized for these activities. The book is written from the perspective of a Romanian Navy officer, with more than 40 years experience in the Romanian Navy.-- Provided by publisher