The Biology of the Deep Ocean (Biology of Habitats) (Biology of Habitats Series)

This visual review of the fundamentals of regional anatomy is intended for students and practitioners alike. In this edition are many illustrations colour-enhanced to show arteries, nerves, veins and lymphatic drainage. The outline format text on the left-hand pages corresponds to the illustrations presented on the right-hand pages. The written material is functionally oriented and clinically informative, and stresses the need for understanding the essentials of anatomy. Over 1000 original line drawings provide a multifaceted, three-dimensional effect, emphasizing the beauty and function of the body The deep-sea dimension -- The scale of the task -- The vertical dimension -- Differences between marine and terrestrial ecosystems -- Measurements and methods -- Biological sampling -- Living, growing, and daylight -- The fuel source: primary production -- The seasonal cycle -- Measurements of primary production -- Grazing and secondary production -- Life at the bottom -- The benthic environment -- Sampling the benthos -- Food resources -- Hydrothermal yents and cold seeps -- The hadal zone -- Spatial heterogeneity -- Patterns and changes -- Global views and patterns -- Horizontal distributions -- Vertical distributions -- On being efficient -- Energy management -- Maximizing energy input-how to eat a lot -- Maximizing assimilation efficiency -- Minimizing energy output-how to keep up in the water -- Metabolism, energy, and pressure -- Feeling and hearing -- Sensing vibrations -- Vibrations in water -- The hydrodynamic receptor system of fishes -- Sound production by fishes -- Invertebrate hydrodynamic receptors -- Sounds of marine mammals -- Electroreception and magnetic cues -- Chemical messages -- Taste or smell? -- Chemical cues and receptors -- Seeing in the dark -- Light in the ocean -- Eyes and their design conflicts -- Fish -- Invertebrates -- Camouflage, colour, and lights -- Camouflage and colour -- Lights in a dark environment: bioluminescence -- Size, sex, and seasonality -- Life histories -- Fecundity and egg size -- Body size -- Sex -- Juvenile characters (progenesis) -- Seasonality -- A wonderful variety of life: biodiversity of the deep-sea fauna -- Origins and habitats -- What is biodiversity? The deep ocean environment is the most extensive on our planet. Its denizens are normally unseen but whenever they are exposed to view they are regarded as bizarre aliens from a different world. The Biology of the Deep Ocean takes a close look at this apparently hostile world and explains how its inhabitants are exquisitely adapted to survive and flourish within it.; The book begins with an analysis of how conditions in the oceanic environment differ from those in the familiar terrestrial world and then describes the techniques (and ingenuity) required to reveal the populations inhabiting the colossal volume of the deep oceans. A section on primary production emphasizes how almost all deep-sea life depends ultimately on the phytoplankton at the surface and the export flux to deeper water. The ultimate beneficiaries of this export, the populations on the deep-sea floor, are then discussed, together with the unique features of life fuelled by chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of deep-sea animals, and their changes in time and space, are controlled by physical, biological and historical factors. The rapid reduction of biomass with depth puts a high priority on efficient prey capture and energy conservation. Chapters on energy efficiency, mechanoreception, chemoreception and vision reveal the extraordinary adaptations necessary for success. Accounts of the effector systems involved in colour, camouflage and bioluminescence heighten the concept of a different world. A chapter on an; The Biology of the Deep Ocean complements the two companion volumes on the biology of littoral and estuarine habitats and is designed to be accessible to all marine scientists, student and professional Machine generated contents note: Chapter 1 The deep-sea dimension The scale of the task The vertical dimension Differences between marine and terrestrial ecosystems Measurements and methods Biological sampling Conclusion Chapter 2 Living, growing, and daylight The fuel source: primary production The seasonal cycle Measurements of primary production Grazing and secondary production Conclusion Chapter 3 Life at the bottom The benthic environment Sampling the benthos Food resources Hydrothermal yents and cold seeps The hadal zone Spatial heterogeneity Conclusion Chapter 4 Patterns and changes Global views and patterns Horizontal distributions Vertical distributions Conclusion hapter 5 On being efficient Energy management Maximizing energy input-how to eat a lot Maximizing assimilation efficiency Minimizing energy output-how to keep up in the water Metabolism, energy, and pressure Conclusion Chapter 6 Feeling and hearing Sensing vibrations Vibrations in water The hydrodynamic receptor system of fishes Sound production by fishes Invertebrate hydrodynamic receptors Sounds of marine mammals Electroreception and magnetic cues Conclusion Chapter 7 Chemical messages Taste or smell? Chemical cues and receptors Conclusion Chapter 8 Seeing in the dark Light in the ocean Eyes and their design conflicts Fish Invertebrates Conclusion Chapter 9 Camouflage, colour, and lights Camouflage and colour Lights in a dark environment: bioluminescence Conclusion Chapter 10 Size, sex, and seasonality Life histories Fecundity and egg size Body size Sex Juvenile characters (progenesis) Seasonality Conclusion Chapter 11 A wonderful variety of life: biodiversity of the deep-sea fauna Origins and habitats What is biodiversity? Conclusion. This is an analysis of how conditions in the oceanic environment differ from those in the familiar terrestrial world, describing the techniques and ingenuity required to reveal the populations inhabiting the colossal volume of the deep oceans and how its inhabitants have adapted to survive and flourish within it. Many issues of deep sea marine life are covered including: surface phytoplankton's roles; chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps; reduction of biomass with depth and energy conservation; mechanoreception; chemoreception; vision; animal life styles, seasonability, sex and size; and the unique variety of life in the deep ocean both on the sea floor at in midwater. Peter Herring. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [255]-273) And Index.