The Biological Chemistry of Nickel (Metallobiology, Volume 10)

Metal ions play key roles in biology. Many are essential for catalysis, for electron transfer and for the fixation, sensing, and metabolism of gases. Others compete with those essential metal ions or have toxic or pharmacological effects. This book is structured around the periodic table and focuses on the control of metal ions in cells. It addresses the molecular aspects of binding, transport and storage that ensure balanced levels of the essential elements. Organisms have also developed mechanisms to deal with the non-essential metal ions. However, through new uses and manufacturing processes, organisms are increasingly exposed to changing levels of both essential and non-essential ions in new chemical forms. They may not have developed defenses against some of these forms (such as nanoparticles). Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration are associated with metal ion imbalance. There may be a deficiency of the essential metals, overload of either essential or non-essential metals or perturbation of the overall natural balance. This book is the first to comprehensively survey the molecular nature of the overall natural balance of metal ions in nutrition, toxicology and pharmacology. It is written as an introduction to research for students and researchers in academia and industry and begins with a chapter by Professor R J P Williams FRS. An Essential Text For Biochemists, Biologists And Medicinal Chemists, This Book Provides A Comprehensive Review Of The Latest Findings In Nickel Biology, Covering The Function, Biochemistry, Toxicology And Medical Applications Of Nickel Systems. Chapter 1 -- Introduction To The Biological Chemistry Of Nickel; 1.1 Nickel Utilization; 1.1.1 Nickel In Biology; 1.1.2 Nickel In Humans; 1.2 Nickel Enzymes; 1.3 Nickel Availability And Distribution; 1.4 Applications; 1.5 Outstanding Questions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 2 -- Oceanic Nickel Biogeochemistry And The Evolution Of Nickel Use; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Nickel Geochemistry In Modern Oceans; 2.2.1 Modern Oceanic Nickel Chemical Speciation, Sources And Sinks; 2.2.2 Seawater Depth Profiles. 2.2.3 Correlations With Other Elements2.3 Modern Marine Microbial Nickel Enzyme Usage And Geochemical Signatures; 2.3.1 The Oxic Surface Ocean; 2.3.1.1 Nisod; 2.3.1.2 Urease; 2.3.1.3 Nickel's Role In Nitrogen Fixation; 2.3.1.4 Imaging Nickel In Phytoplankton; 2.3.2 The Deep Ocean; 2.3.3 Anoxic Sediments And Seafloor Seeps; 2.4 Microbial Growth Response To Varying Nickel Concentrations; 2.5 Evolutionary Implications Of Changes In Oceanic Nickel Over Geologic Time; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 3 -- Nickel Toxicity And Carcinogenesis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Toxicology; 3.1.2 Epigenetics. 3.1.3 Nickel Exposure3.2 Nickel Carcinogenesis; 3.2.1 Human, Animal, And In Vitro Investigations; 3.2.2 Nickel's Effect On The Dna Methylome; 3.2.3 Nickel's Effect On Post-translational Histone Modifications; 3.2.4 Nickel's Effect On Microrna Expression; 3.3 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 4 -- Nickel Binding Sites -- Coordination Modes And Thermodynamics; 4.1 Coordination Chemistry Of Nickel. Why And For Whom Did Nature Choose It; 4.2 Nickel Complexes With Peptides Containing Amino Acid Residues With Non-coordinating Side Chains. 4.3 Tempting Nickel Binding Sites In Bacterial Enzymes4.3.1 Cysteine-rich Nickel Binding Sites; 4.3.2 Polyhistidine Nickel-binding Sites; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 5 -- Urease; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Biological Significance Of Ureases; 5.3 Enzymology; 5.4 Urease Structures; 5.5 Urease Inhibitors; 5.5.1 Sulfur Compounds; 5.5.2 Hydroxamic Acids; 5.5.3 Phosphorus Compounds; 5.5.4 Boric And Boronic Acids; 5.5.5 Citrate; 5.5.6 Fluoride; 5.5.7 Heavy Metals; 5.5.8 Quinones; 5.5.9 Polyphenols; 5.6 Mechanism; 5.7 Non-enzymatic Properties Of Urease. 5.8 Microbial Induced Calcite Preparation By Ureolytic Bacteria5.9 Urease Maturation Process: The Role Of Accessory Proteins; 5.10 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 6 -- Crystallographic Analyses Of The Active Site Chemistry And Oxygen Sensitivity Of [nife(se)]-hydrogenases; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Structural Characterization Of Ni-fe Active Site Intermediates; 6.3 Structural Characterization Of Active Site Intermediates Of [nifese]-hydrogenases; 6.4 Active Site Reactivity With Molecular Oxygen; 6.4.1 Naturally O2-tolerant Hydrogenases. Editors: Deborah Zamble, Magdalena Rowińska-Żyrek, Henryk Kozlowski.

Metal ions play key roles in biology. Many are essential for catalysis, for electron transfer and for the fixation, sensing, and metabolism of gases. Others compete with those essential metal ions or have toxic or pharmacological effects.

This book is structured around the periodic table and focuses on the control of metal ions in cells. It addresses the molecular aspects of binding, transport and storage that ensure balanced levels of the essential elements. Organisms have also developed mechanisms to deal with the non-essential metal ions. However, through new uses and manufacturing processes, organisms are increasingly exposed to changing levels of both essential and non-essential ions in new chemical forms. They may not have developed defenses against some of these forms (such as nanoparticles).

Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration are associated with metal ion imbalance. There may be a deficiency of the essential metals, overload of either essential or non-essential metals or perturbation of the overall natural balance.

This book is the first to comprehensively survey the molecular nature of the overall natural balance of metal ions in nutrition, toxicology and pharmacology. It is written as an introduction to research for students and researchers in academia and industry and begins with a chapter by Professor R J P Williams FRS.

Content: Introduction to the Biological Chemistry of Nickel Oceanic Nickel Biogeochemistry and the Evolution of Nickel Use Nickel Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Nickel Binding Sites - Coordination Modes and Thermodynamics Urease Crystallographic Analyses of the Active Site Chemistry and Oxygen Sensitivity of [NiFe(Se)]-Hydrogenases One-Carbon Chemistry of Nickel-Containing Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase and Acetyl-CoA Synthase Biochemistry of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase Reinventing the Wheel: The NiSOD Story Nickel Glyoxalase I Lactate Racemase and Its Niacin-Derived, Covalently-Tethered, Nickel Cofactor Nickel in Microbial Physiology - from Single Proteins to Complex Trafficking Systems: Nickel Import/Export Nickel Regulation Nickel Metallochaperones: Structure, Function, and Nickel-Binding Properties Cross-Talk Between Nickel and Other Metals in Microbial Systems Nickel and Virulence in Bacterial Pathogens Application of Ni(II)-Binding Proteins Nickel is an essential element in many biochemical processes and there has been significant research into understanding in great depth the role that this transition element plays. This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest findings in nickel biology, covering the function, biochemistry, toxicology and medical applications of nickel systems. Chapters discuss a range of topics in this field including the coordination chemistry of nickel-containing biomolecules, current theories on nickel-containing enzymes and the transport, storage and transcriptional regulation of nickel in biological systems. Issues such as the key role of nickel in pathogens, nickel toxicity in humans and the potential medical applications are also examined. Written by internationally leading experts in nickel biology and chemistry research, this book is an essential reference for bioinorganic chemists, biochemists, biologists and medicinal chemists