The Bioclimatology Of Frost: Its Occurrence, Impact And Protection (advances In Bioclimatology) (v. 2)

The second volume of the new series ADVANCES IN BIOCLIMATOLOGY provides a comprehensive treatment of the physical aspects of frost occurrence and frost distribution, the biological and phenological aspects of frost damage,as well as the various direct and indirect methods of frost protection and prevention. It combines extensive reviews with detailed, illustrative case studies, the latter dealing with plant temperatures during frost, numerical models for frost prediction and mapping, regional frost risk mapping techniques, winterkill of wheat, and a model for frost protection by sprinkler irrigation. The book is of interest to researchers and students, but also of practical use for farmers and horticulturalists. The economic costs of frosts in agriculture and horticulture in many parts of the world can be very significant. Reports in the media include accounts on how frosts have devastated coffee crops in Brazil or in Papua New Guinea, and how frosts have seriously damaged the Florida citrus industry. Frost may cause losses in current harvests or a decline in future yields through more permanent damage to trees and bushes. Damaging frosts may occur as infrequent, short-term events with sub-zero temperatures or with unusually severe winter temperatures which extend over long periods. In this book we have aimed at providing a comprehensive review of recent advances in the area of frost research. The stimulus for writing this book has come from the recognition that there is a shortage of recent texts which deal exclusively with the bioclimatology of frost. Bioclimatology deals with the relations between climate and life and the present text is particularly concerned with the effects of low temperatures on plants. Our purpose has been to assist researchers, engineers, extension officers and students in understanding the physical aspects of frost occurrence and frost distribution as well as the biological and phenological aspects of frost damage and to provide an overview of direct and indirect methods of frost pro­ tection and prevention. Front Matter....Pages I-XVII Introduction....Pages 1-4 The Occurrence of Frost: Types, Distribution and Prediction....Pages 5-12 Micro-Scale Processes....Pages 13-31 Meso-Scale Processes....Pages 32-43 Regional Scale Frost Risk Mapping....Pages 44-60 Remote Sensing for Frost Risk Mapping and Frost Prediction....Pages 61-65 Biological and Phenological Aspects of the Relationship Between Low Temperature, Plant Growth and Crop Development....Pages 66-72 Weather and Winterkill of Wheat: A Case Study....Pages 73-82 Direct, Active Methods of Frost Protection....Pages 83-98 A Model to Predict Required Rates of Water Application in Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation....Pages 99-108 Indirect, Passive Methods of Frost Protection....Pages 109-119 Concluding Remarks....Pages 120-122 Back Matter....Pages 123-144 The second volume of the new series ADVANCES IN BIOCLIMATOLOGY provides a comprehensive treatment of the physical aspects of frost occurrence and frost distribution, the biological and phenological aspects of frost damage, as well as the various direct and indirect methods of frost protection and prevention. It combines extensive reviews with detailed, illustrative case studies, the latter dealing with plant temperatures during frost, numerical models for frost prediction and mapping, regional frost risk mapping techniques, winterkill of wheat, and a model for frost protection by sprinkler irrigation. The book is of interest to researchers and students, but also of practical use for farmers and horticulturalists This volume aims to provide information on the physical aspects of frost occurrence and frost distribution, the biological and phenological aspects of frost damage and the various direct and indirect methods of crop protection and frost prevention.