The biochemistry and uses of pesticides : structure, metabolism, mode of action, and uses in crop protection

References 7 Natural and synthetic pyrethroids 7.1 Natural pyrethroids 7.2 Synthetic pyrethroids 7.3 Mode of action and side-effects 201 References 205 8 Other insecticides and similar compounds Acylureas ( benzoylphenylureas) 8.1 Special features and field uses 8.2 Mode of action of acylureas 8.3 Metabolism and persistence of acylureas Insect growth regulators 8.4 Juvenile hormone and methoprene Formamidine insecticides and acaricides 8.5 Behavioural characteristics, chemistry and uses 8.6 Mode of action of formamidines 8.7 Metabolism of formamidines 221 Some other insecticides of plant origin 8.8 Nicotine, rotenone and their derivatives Other pesticides that harm invertebrates 8.9 Acaricides 8.10 Nematicides 8.11 The avermectins 8.12 Molluscicides References viii Contents 9 Insect resistance to insecticides 9.1 An overview 9.2 Importance of uptake and excretion 9.3 The role of hydrolases 9.4 Mono-oxygenase activity in relation to resistance 9.5 Glutathione-S-transferases and DDT dehydrochlorinase 9.6 Modification of the site of action 9. 7 Cross-resistance 9.8 Management of resistance References 10 Fungicides: general principles; inorganic and heavy-metal fungicides 10.1 Fungi and fungicides 10.2 Penetration of fungicides into fungi I 0.3 Selectivity of fungicides 10.4 Copper fungicides: preparation, properties and uses 10.5 Copper fungicides: mode of action I 0.6 Inorganic and organic mercury compounds 10.7 Organotin compounds 10.8 Sulphur and lime sulphur References 11 Non-systemic organic fungicides 11.1 Classification of non-systemic fungicides 11.2 Dithiocarbamates: chemistry, uptake and uses 11.3 Dithiocarbamates: mode of action and metabolism 11.4 The phthalimide group 11.5 Dinitrophenol derivatives 11.6 Chlorine-substituted aromatic fungicides 11.7 Other non-systemic or poorly systemic fungicides References 12 Systemic fungicides 12.1 Classification; advantages and disadvantages of systemic fungicides 12.2 Benzimidazoles 12.3 Oxathiins or carboxamides 12.4 Morpholine inhibitors of sterol synthesis 12.5 Inhibitors of C-14 demethylation of sterols 12.6 Hydroxyaminopyrimidine derivatives 12.7 Antibiotics 12.8 Phenylamides used against Oomycetes 12.9 Miscellaneous antifungal compounds References 13 Herbicides: general considerations 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Non-selective and selective herbicides 13.3 Weed control: an overview 13.4 Uptake of herbicides by leaves or by roots 13.5 Persistence of herbicides in soil 13.6 Situations involving the application of herbicides to soil 13.7 The use of mixtures of herbicides 13.8 Classification of herbicides Reading, April 1989 Ken Hassall Preface to the first edition xv profoundly tedious. The same would apply to lists of insect pests, pathogens and weeds together with the chemicals that have been used to control them. This is, in fact, something that is best done at the local level anyway, and in many countries Agricultural Ministries provide literature indicating how best to deal with local problems. In addition, excellent commerical literature exists on the practicalities of pest control and should always be sought and carefully read before handling any crop protection chemical. In the present book the principles already outlined are illustrated by reference to substances selected as representative of groups or of subgroups of pesticides and have been chosen to illustrate the widest range of structure-toxicity relationships and metabolic patterns as is reasonably possible within the space available. No doubt these subjective choices will merit criticism. Nevertheless it is my hope that this book will be a stimulus to all who are concerned with scientific agriculture, whether as growers, governmental advisers or as representatives of commercial firms. In addition, I should regard it as a welcome bonus if its contents provide an appreciation of the subject of molecular biology, the fascination of which grows with each new discovery, and which often lies at the heart of pesticide metabolism, mechanism of action and the development of resistant strains of organisms. Reading, May 1981 K.A.H. \* For the sake of conformity, all text values are expressed as dollars, assuming S 1.8 =£I. t A billion is defined as being I 000 000 000 throughout this book. \* There is really no such thing as a poisonous substance but only a poisonous dose. It is possible to kill oneself with salt if one has the mind to do so. Front Matter....Pages i-xviii General considerations....Pages 1-24 Physicochemical aspects of pesticide formulation and application....Pages 25-56 Principles of pesticide metabolism....Pages 57-80 Organophosphorus insecticides....Pages 81-124 Carbamate insecticides, molluscicides and nematicides....Pages 125-154 Organochlorine insecticides....Pages 155-184 Natural and synthetic pyrethroids....Pages 185-207 Other insecticides and similar compounds....Pages 208-236 Insect resistance to insecticides....Pages 237-261 Fungicides: general principles; inorganic and heavy-metal fungicides....Pages 262-285 Non-systemic organic fungicides....Pages 286-314 Systemic fungicides....Pages 315-361 Herbicides: general considerations....Pages 362-382 Herbicides applied to foliage....Pages 383-438 Herbicides that are mainly soil-acting against seedling weeds....Pages 439-474 Soil-applied herbicides often used in the absence of annual crops....Pages 475-494 Epilogue....Pages 495-502 Back Matter....Pages 503-536 This second edition reflects the dramatic progress being made towards an understanding of how pesticides function, how metabolism contributes to selectivity and safety, and of how the development of resistance is linked to biochemistry and molecular biology.