The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease (Second Edition)

__The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease, Second Edition__ provides an updated, comprehensive and invaluable source of information combining both clinical and paleopathological manifestations and effects on these groups of diseases. The range of potential tools for investigating metabolic diseases of bone are far greater than for many other conditions, hence this edition will consider the gross, radiological, histological and surface features using microscopic examination (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), that can be used to investigate metabolic bone diseases. Diagnostic tables have been updated with the latest information, including new research on vitamin C and D deficiency, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This second edition continues to explore the paleopathological research, covering the light of clinical and epidemiological work relevant to better understand the extent of the co-morbidity of these conditions. This is a must-have resource that demonstrates the important role that the analysis of metabolic bone disease has within bioarcheology for improving our understanding of health and life in past populations. * Presents a clear introduction to bone biology relevant to each disease process * Highlights key issues and ideas to provoke critical analysis across the spectrum of disciplines in physical anthropology, paleopathology, medical history and forensic anthropology * Contains clear and user-friendly instructions for macroscopic, radiological and histological diagnoses * Reviews current challenges in bioarcheology and provides direction for future research The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease Copyright Dedication Contents Preface 1 Introduction to the study of metabolic bone diseases 2 The study of metabolic bone disease in bioarchaeology Approaches to the study of metabolic bone disease Diagnosis of metabolic bone disease in palaeopathology Collections of human and animal remains Clinical and biomedical data Archaeological human remains Techniques for evaluation of archaeological human remains Palaeodemography and implications for palaeoepidemiology Medical and nutritional anthropology Genetics Primatology Core concepts 3 Biology and metabolism of mineralised tissues Bone structure Bone cells Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Osteocytes RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin Diet, hormones, and bone cell activity Oestrogen Mechanical loading Bone formation and bone growth Modelling and remodelling Variation in remodelling rates Pathological lesions: bone formation, resorption, and remodelling Dental tissues Osteoimmunology Core concepts 4 Vitamin C deficiency, scurvy Scurvy today, epidemiology and current views on aetiology The biology of skeletal changes Complications of scurvy Diagnosis of scurvy in skeletal remains Macroscopic lesions Porosity of the original bone surface Periosteal new bone formation Mixed lesions Macroscopic features of adult scurvy Location of scorbutic lesions Sphenoid Orbit walls Maxilla, mandible, and zygomatic bones Cranial vault Post-cranial skeleton Radiographic features of scurvy Sub-adult scurvy Adult scurvy Microscopic features of scurvy in sub-adults and adults Healed versus active scurvy Palaeopathology of scurvy Anthropological perspectives Core concepts 5 Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D deficiency today, epidemiology, and current views on aetiology Synthesis of vitamin D Factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency Sunlight exposure Increased age Skin pigmentation Pregnancy and lactation Food sources of vitamin D Additional causes of rickets and osteomalacia Complications of vitamin D deficiency The biology of changes in mineralised tissues Bone growth and remodelling Alterations to dental tissues Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in skeletal remains Macroscopic features of rickets Porous lesions Biomechanical deformity Lesions indicative of active, healed, and recurrent rickets Radiographic features of rickets Radiographic features of rickets in the dentition Microscopic/micro-CT features of conditions producing mineralisation defects (rickets and osteomalacia) Hyperparathyroidism Macroscopic features of residual rickets Macroscopic features of osteomalacia Pseudofractures Biomechanical deformity Radiographic features of osteomalacia Palaeopathology of rickets, residual rickets, and osteomalacia Rickets Residual rickets Osteomalacia Considering lesions in combination Anthropological perspectives Core concepts 6 Age-related bone loss and osteoporosis Osteoporosis today, epidemiology, and current views on aetiology Factors contributing to the development of age-related bone loss and osteoporosis Childhood and adolescent skeletal development and peak bone mass Nutrition and osteoporosis Physical activity Pregnancy and lactation Ageing and menopause Oxidative stress and osteoimmunology The biology of skeletal changes and complications Fragility fractures Diagnosis of age-related osteoporosis in skeletal remains Assessment of bone quantity using DXA Assessment of bone quantity using radiogrammetry Assessment of bone quality and/or quantity: microscopy and computed tomography Assessment of fractures in the context of investigations of osteoporosis Hip fractures (fractures of the femoral neck) Colles’ fracture Vertebral fractures Palaeopathology of osteoporosis Bone quality and micro-structures Fragility fractures Childhood health and osteoporosis risk in adulthood: past perspectives Anthropological perspectives Core concepts 7 Secondary osteoporosis Secondary osteoporosis today, epidemiology, and current views on aetiology The biology of skeletal changes and complications Bone loss resulting from inflammation Bone loss resulting from insufficient mechanical loading Diagnosis of secondary osteoporosis in skeletal remains Palaeopathology of secondary osteoporosis Core concepts 8 Paget’s disease of bone Paget’s disease of bone today, epidemiology, and current views on aetiology The biology of skeletal changes WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Complications of Paget’s disease of bone Diagnosis of Paget’s disease of bone in skeletal remains Macroscopic features of Paget’s disease of bone Radiographic features of Paget’s disease of bone Microscopic features of Paget’s disease of bone Palaeopathological cases of Paget’s disease of bone Anthropological perspectives Core concepts 9 Anaemia Anaemia today, epidemiology, and current views on aetiology Acquired anaemia Micro-nutrients relevant for acquired anaemia Iron Folate Vitamin B12 Congenital anaemia The biology of skeletal changes and complications Diagnosis of anaemia in skeletal remains Lesions characteristic of anaemia Porous bone lesions Post-cranial marrow hyperplasia Secondary infection and bone necrosis in anaemia Microscopic/micro-CT features of anaemia Radiographic features of anaemia Healed versus active anaemia Palaeopathology of anaemia Core concepts 10 Disease co-occurrence The biology of skeletal changes and complications in co-occurring conditions Vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis Co-occurring nutritional diseases Anaemia Scurvy and rickets Pellagra Metabolic bone disease and immunity Vitamin D Scurvy Anaemia Co-occurrence and neoplastic conditions The metabolic syndrome Co-occurrence and the metabolic syndrome Palaeopathology of co-occurrence Scurvy and rickets Scurvy and anaemia Pellagra Immunity and metabolic bone disease Vitamin D Anaemia Vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis Metabolic syndrome Future studies of co-occurrence Core concepts 11 Overview and directions for future research Palaeopathological diagnosis Integration of palaeopathology with historical sources Integration of palaeopathology with theoretical approaches Increasing the relevance of metabolic bone diseases to public health and modern medicine Final thoughts References Index Пустая страница The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease, Second Edition is a comprehensive source dedicated to better understanding this group of conditions that have significant consequences for health in both past and present communities on a global scale. This edition presents an updated introduction to the biology and metabolism of mineralised tissues that are fundamental to understanding the expression of the metabolic bone diseases in skeletal remains. The extensive advances in understanding of these conditions in both bioarchaeological and biomedical work are brought together for the reader. Dedicated chapters focussing on each disease emphasise the integration of up-to-date clinical background with the biological basis of disease progression to give guidance on identification. New chapters covering anaemia and approaches to recognising the co-occurrence of pathological conditions have been included, reflecting recent advances in research. Boxes highlighting significant issues, use of information from sources such as texts and nonhuman primates, and theoretical approaches are included in the text. Each chapter closes with 'Core Concepts' that summarise key information. The final chapter reviews current challenges in bioarchaeology and provides directions for future research. This is a must-have resource for users at all career stages interested in integrating information on the metabolic bone diseases into bioarchaeological projects