حقایق بابلی ناروس: مطالعه‌ای در فرم و عملکرد

In this investigation into the form, function and historical significance of the Babylonian entitlement narus (steles), the author sheds new light on one of antiquity's most mysterious and elusive classes of artifact. More commonly referred to as kudurrus, these objects first came to the attention of western scholars in 1801 when the explorer Anton Michaux sold a polished black stone that he had discovered near Baghdad to the Bibliotheque National in Paris. In addition to her in-depth study of the setting of these objects and the inscriptions and relief sculptures carved on them, Slanski places the kudurrus squarely within the monumental tradition in Mesopotamia. This volume promises to be a significant contribution for Assyriologists and anyone interested in the history and artistic traditions of ancient Mesopotamia. THE BABYLONIAN ENTITLEMENT NARÛS (KUDURRUS): A STUDY IN THEIR FORM AND FUNCTION......Page 4 Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 List of Figures......Page 14 Abbreviations......Page 16 Rough Chronology for Mesopotamian Historical Periods......Page 18 The Cuneiform Languages of Mesopotamia......Page 19 Area Measures in Field Descriptions......Page 21 DISCOVERY, DECIPHERMENT, AND DESIGNATION......Page 24 OVERVIEW OF THE CORPUS......Page 30 KUDURRUS AND KASSITE BABYLONIA......Page 32 PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP......Page 33 PROBLEMS AND AIMS......Page 35 2. Designation and Setting......Page 42 WHAT'S IN A NAME? THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY......Page 43 Passages containing the word narû......Page 44 Passages containing the word kudurru......Page 50 Passages containing both kudurru and narû......Page 55 Passage containing narû ša ḫaṣbi......Page 64 Passages containing NÍG.NA......Page 65 Modern dictionaries and native terminology......Page 76 Textual evidence......Page 78 Archaeological evidence......Page 80 CONCLUSIONS......Page 82 3. The Inscriptions: Subject and Structure......Page 88 Overview of the inscriptions......Page 89 SUBJECT TYPOLOGY OF THE INSCRIPTIONS......Page 91 Nazi-Maruttaš RA 66......Page 93 Commentary......Page 96 Meli-Šipak BBSt 4......Page 98 Commentary......Page 101 Structure of the royal land grant inscriptions......Page 102 Royal grants of temple prebend (isqu)......Page 105 Royal exemptions (zakûtu)......Page 107 Royal adjudications......Page 109 Royal affirmations or restorations of previously held land......Page 112 Non-royal land purchases......Page 115 Non-royal land grants......Page 121 Non-royal grant of a temple prebend......Page 122 CONCLUSIONS......Page 123 4. Form and Function......Page 128 Grants of land (eqlu and kirû)......Page 134 Grants of exemptions (zakûtu)......Page 136 THE CONCEPT OF ENTITLEMENT......Page 137 Hereditary entitlements......Page 138 Sealing (stone) narûs?......Page 139 Sealing and inheritance......Page 141 'royal seal of allocations'......Page 144 Documents sealed by agents other than the king......Page 145 Relief imagery of the Entitlement narûs......Page 147 Inter-relationship of image and text......Page 148 Captions......Page 150 References in the main text......Page 151 Captions associated with relief scenes......Page 156 Implicit textual references to relief scenes......Page 165 CONCLUSIONS......Page 166 5. A Formal Definition for the Babylonian Entitlement narûs......Page 172 NATIVE DESIGNATION......Page 173 FUNCTION......Page 174 Material......Page 175 Shape......Page 176 Size......Page 179 Other physical feature: field plans.......Page 181 Time .........Page 182 RELIEF IMAGERY......Page 183 Divine Symbols......Page 184 INSCRIPTIONS......Page 189 Heading......Page 191 Operative division......Page 192 Imprecative division......Page 199 Orthography......Page 202 CONCLUSIONS......Page 203 ARTIFACTS A: KADAŠMAN-ENLIL BBST 1 AND BM 135743......Page 206 Commentary......Page 210 Discussion......Page 211 ARTIFACT B: MELI-ŠIPAK MDP IV 163......Page 213 Discussion......Page 214 ARTIFACT C: NABÛ-APLA-IDDINA BBST 36, THE SIPPAR ŠAMAŠ TABLET......Page 219 Commentary......Page 231 Discussion: the inscription......Page 233 Discussion: the relief (fig. 11)......Page 240 ARTIFACT D: ŠAMAŠ-ŠUMA-UKĪN AfO 16......Page 244 Commentary......Page 247 Discussion......Page 249 CONCLUSIONS......Page 252 7. The Place of the Babylonian Entitlement narûs in Mesopotamian Culture......Page 256 THE INNOVATION OF THE BABYLONIAN ENTITLEMENT NARÛS......Page 257 (NA4) NARÛ '(STONE) MONUMENT'......Page 258 The medium of stone......Page 260 Stelae from the Early Dynastic to the Old Babylonian period......Page 263 Entitlement narûs and 'monumentality'......Page 265 THE "ANCIENT KUDURRUS"......Page 268 BABYLONIAN ENTITLEMENT NARÛS WITHIN MESOPOTAMIAN MONUMENTAL TRADITION......Page 273 The Stele of Eannatum (Stele of the Vultures)......Page 275 The Stele of Ur-Nammu......Page 278 The Law Stele of Ḫammurapi......Page 282 BABYLONIAN ENTITLEMENT NARÛS AND ROYAL MONUMENTS......Page 289 Appropriation of a royal prerogative?......Page 292 HISTORICAL SETTING......Page 293 Babylonia and the Kassites......Page 294 Other contemporary expressions of limitations on royal power......Page 300 The Babylonian Entitlement narûs as witness to 2nd millennium social change......Page 304 The innovation of the Babylonian Entitlement narûs in the mid-2nd millennium......Page 307 Conclusion......Page 310 APPENDICES......Page 314 1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC CROSS-REFERENCES FOR ARTIFACTS WITH DATABLE INSCRIPTIONS......Page 316 2. ARTIFACTS RECOVERED THROUGH CONTROLLED EXCAVATION......Page 328 Royal grants of agricultural land (fields, orchards); also land and prebends; also land and exemptions.......Page 332 Royal grants of prebends without land......Page 335 Royal granting of exemptions only......Page 336 Non-royal gifts of land......Page 337 Non-royal purchase of land......Page 338 Non-royal prebend grant......Page 339 4. GLOSSARY OF AKKADIAN TERMS......Page 342 References......Page 350 INDICES......Page 370 Personal Names......Page 372 Place Names......Page 380 Texts Cited......Page 383