The automotive chassis : engineering principles : chassis and vehicle overall, wheel suspensions and types of drive, axle kinematics and elastokinematics, steering, springing, tyres, construction and calculations advice

The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles......Page 3 Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 11 1.1 General characteristics of wheel suspensions......Page 13 1.2 Independent wheel suspensions - general......Page 19 1.2.2 Double wishbone suspensions......Page 20 1.2.3 McPherson struts and strut dampers......Page 22 1.2.4 Rear axle trailing-arm suspension......Page 27 1.2.5 Semi-trailing-arm rear axles......Page 29 1.2.6 Multi-link suspension......Page 31 1.3.1 Rigid axles......Page 34 1.3.2 Semi rigid crank axles......Page 40 1.4 Front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive......Page 42 1.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the front-mounted engine, rear- mounted drive design......Page 44 1.4.2 Non-driven front axles......Page 47 1.4.3 Driven rear axles......Page 51 1.5 Rear and mid engine drive......Page 53 1.6 Front-wheel drive......Page 57 1.6.1 Types of design......Page 58 1.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of front-wheel drive......Page 60 1.6.3 Driven front axles......Page 63 1.6.4 Non-driven rear axles......Page 68 1.7.1 Advantages and disadvantages......Page 76 1.7.2 Four-wheel drive vehicles with overdrive......Page 80 1.7.4 Permanent four-wheel drive; basic passenger car with front- wheel drive......Page 84 1.7.5 Permanent four-wheel drive, basic standard design passenger car......Page 92 1.7.6 Summary of different kinds of four-wheel drive......Page 94 2.1 Tyre requirements......Page 98 2.1.2 Passenger car requirements......Page 99 2.2.1 Diagonal ply tyres......Page 101 2.2.4 Height-to-width ratio......Page 105 2.2.5 Tyre dimensions and markings......Page 109 2.2.6 Tyre load capacities and inflation pressures......Page 113 2.2.8 Rolling circumference and driving speed......Page 117 2.2.9 Influence of the tyre on the speedometer......Page 120 2.3.2 Rims for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers......Page 122 2.3.3 Wheels for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers......Page 126 2.3.4 Wheel mountings......Page 127 2.4 Springing behaviour......Page 128 2.5 Non-uniformity......Page 130 2.6.1 Rolling resistance in straight-line driving......Page 133 2.6.2 Rolling resistance during cornering......Page 134 2.7.1 Slip......Page 136 2.7.2 Friction coefficients and factors......Page 137 2.7.3 Road influences......Page 138 2.8.1 Lateral forces, slip angle and coefficient of friction......Page 140 2.8.2 Self-steering properties of vehicles......Page 142 2.8.3 Coefficients of friction and slip......Page 144 2.8.4 Lateral cornering force properties on dry road......Page 145 2.8.5 Influencing variables......Page 146 2.9 Resulting force coefficient......Page 150 2.10.2 Caster offset......Page 152 2.10.3 Influences on the front wheels......Page 154 2.11 Tyre overturning moment and displacement of point of application of force......Page 156 2.12.3 Effect of kinematics and elastokinematics......Page 158 3 Wheel travel and elastokinematics......Page 161 3.1 Purpose of the axle settings......Page 162 3.3 Track......Page 163 3.4 Roll centre and roll axis......Page 172 3.4.2 Body roll axis......Page 176 3.4.3 Body roll centre on independent wheel suspensions......Page 178 3.4.5 Body roll centre on rigid axles......Page 184 3.5.1 Camber values and data......Page 187 3.5.2 Kinematic camber alteration......Page 190 3.5.3 Camber alteration calculation by drawing......Page 193 3.5.4 Roll camber during cornering......Page 194 3.5.5 Elasticity camber......Page 197 3.6.1 Toe-in and crab angle, data and tolerances......Page 199 3.6.2 Toe-in and steering angle alteration owing to wheel bump- travel kinematics......Page 203 3.6.4 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to lateral forces......Page 211 3.6.5 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to longitudinal forces......Page 212 3.7.1 Steer angle......Page 220 3.7.4 Dynamic steering ratio......Page 227 3.8 Steering self-centring - general......Page 230 3.9.1 Relationship between kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground ( scrub radius)......Page 233 3.9.2 Braking moment-arm......Page 237 3.9.3 Longitudinal force moment-arm......Page 240 3.10.1 Caster trail and angle......Page 242 3.10.2 Caster and straight running......Page 246 3.10.3 Righting moments during cornering......Page 247 3.10.4 Kingpin inclination, camber and caster alteration as a consequence of steering......Page 251 3.10.5 Kinematic caster alteration on front-wheel travel......Page 257 3.10.6 Wheel travel-dependent rotation of the rear steering knuckle......Page 262 3.10.7 Resolution of the vertical wheel force on caster......Page 263 3.10.8 Settings and tolerances......Page 266 3.11.2 Vehicle pitch axis front......Page 267 3.11.3 Pitch axes rear......Page 270 3.12.1 Devices for measuring and checking chassis alignment......Page 272 3.12.2 Measuring the caster, kingpin inclination, camber and toe- in alteration......Page 274 4.1 Steering system......Page 278 4.1.3 Steering system on rigid axles......Page 281 4.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages......Page 283 4.2.2 Configurations......Page 284 4.2.3 Steering gear, manual with side tie rod take-off......Page 285 4.2.4 Steering gear, manual with centre tie rod take-off......Page 288 4.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages......Page 290 4.3.2 Steering gear......Page 292 4.4.1 Hydraulic power steering systems......Page 293 4.4.2 Electro-hydraulic power steering systems......Page 295 4.4.3 Electrical power steering systems......Page 298 4.5 Steering column......Page 300 4.7.1 Influence of type and position of the steering gear......Page 306 4.7.2 Steering linkage configuration......Page 308 4.7.3 Tie rod length and position......Page 311 5.1 Comfort requirements......Page 319 5.1.2 Running wheel comfort......Page 323 5.1.3 Preventing Îfront-end shakeÌ......Page 0 5.2 Masses, vibration and spring rates......Page 326 5.3 Weights and axle loads......Page 330 5.3.1 Curb weight and vehicle mass......Page 331 5.3.3 Permissible payload......Page 332 5.3.5 Permissible axle loads......Page 335 5.3.6 Load distribution according to ISO 2416......Page 337 5.4.1 Front axle......Page 340 5.4.2 Rear axle......Page 344 5.4.3 Springing and cornering behaviour......Page 346 5.4.4 Diagonal springing......Page 351 5.5.1 Air- and gas-filled spring devices......Page 352 5.5.2 Steel springs......Page 356 5.5.3 Stops and supplementary springs......Page 357 5.5.4 Anti-roll bars......Page 358 5.6 Shock absorbers (suspension dampers)......Page 359 5.6.1 Types of fitting......Page 360 5.6.2 Twin-tube shock absorbers, non-pressurized......Page 361 5.6.3 Twin-tube shock absorbers, pressurized......Page 367 5.6.4 Monotube dampers, pressurized......Page 369 5.6.5 Monotube dampers, non-pressurized......Page 376 5.6.6 Damping diagrams and characteristics......Page 378 5.6.7 Damper attachments......Page 379 5.6.8 Stops and supplementary springs......Page 382 5.8.1 McPherson strut designs......Page 387 5.8.3 Twin-tube McPherson struts, pressurized......Page 389 5.9 Variable damping......Page 393 6.1 Vehicle and body centre of gravity......Page 398 6.1.2 Calculating the vehicle centre of gravity......Page 399 6.1.4 Body weight and body centre of gravity......Page 404 6.2 Mass moments of inertia......Page 406 6.3.1 Braking......Page 409 6.3.2 Braking stability......Page 411 6.3.3 Calculating the pitch angle......Page 414 6.3.4 Influence of radius-arm axes......Page 419 6.4.1 Drive-off from rest......Page 422 6.4.2 Climbing ability......Page 426 6.4.3 Skid points......Page 428 6.5 Platform, unit assembly and common part systems......Page 431 Bibliography......Page 434 1 Reference points in figures......Page 436 2 Suffixes......Page 437 3 Lengths and distances in mm, cm or m......Page 438 4 Masses, loads and weights in kg......Page 439 5 Forces in N and kN......Page 440 7 Other moments in NM......Page 441 9 Angles in degrees or radians......Page 442 10 Characteristics and data with no dimensions......Page 443 11 Other symbols with dimensions......Page 444 Index of manufacturers......Page 445 Index of suppliers......Page 447 Subject index......Page 449 The Automotive Chassis: Engineering Principles 3 Contents 5 Preface 11 1 Types of suspension and drive 13 1.1 General characteristics of wheel suspensions 13 1.2 Independent wheel suspensions - general 19 1.2.2 Double wishbone suspensions 20 1.2.3 McPherson struts and strut dampers 22 1.2.4 Rear axle trailing-arm suspension 27 1.2.5 Semi-trailing-arm rear axles 29 1.2.6 Multi-link suspension 31 1.3 Rigid and semi-rigid crank axles 34 1.3.1 Rigid axles 34 1.3.2 Semi rigid crank axles 40 1.4 Front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive 42 1.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the front-mounted engine, rear- mounted drive design 44 1.4.2 Non-driven front axles 47 1.4.3 Driven rear axles 51 1.5 Rear and mid engine drive 53 1.6 Front-wheel drive 57 1.6.1 Types of design 58 1.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of front-wheel drive 60 1.6.3 Driven front axles 63 1.6.4 Non-driven rear axles 68 1.7 Four-wheel drive 76 1.7.1 Advantages and disadvantages 76 1.7.2 Four-wheel drive vehicles with overdrive 80 1.7.3 Manual selection four-wheel drive on commercial and all- terrain vehicles 84 1.7.4 Permanent four-wheel drive; basic passenger car with front- wheel drive 84 1.7.5 Permanent four-wheel drive, basic standard design passenger car 92 1.7.6 Summary of different kinds of four-wheel drive 94 2 Tyres and wheels 98 2.1 Tyre requirements 98 2.1.2 Passenger car requirements 99 2.1.3 Commercial vehicle requirements 101 2.2 Tyre designs 101 2.2.1 Diagonal ply tyres 101 2.2.3 Tubeless or tubed 105 2.2.4 Height-to-width ratio 105 2.2.5 Tyre dimensions and markings 109 2.2.6 Tyre load capacities and inflation pressures 113 2.2.7 Tyre sidewall markings 117 2.2.8 Rolling circumference and driving speed 117 2.2.9 Influence of the tyre on the speedometer 120 2.2.10 Tyre profiles 122 2.3 Wheels 122 2.3.1 Concepts 122 2.3.2 Rims for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers 122 2.3.3 Wheels for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers 126 2.3.4 Wheel mountings 127 2.4 Springing behaviour 128 2.5 Non-uniformity 130 2.6 Rolling resistance 133 2.6.1 Rolling resistance in straight-line driving 133 2.6.2 Rolling resistance during cornering 134 2.6.3 Other influencing variables 136 2.7 Rolling force coefficients and sliding friction 136 2.7.1 Slip 136 2.7.2 Friction coefficients and factors 137 2.7.3 Road influences 138 2.8 Lateral force and friction coefficients 140 2.8.1 Lateral forces, slip angle and coefficient of friction 140 2.8.2 Self-steering properties of vehicles 142 2.8.3 Coefficients of friction and slip 144 2.8.4 Lateral cornering force properties on dry road 145 2.8.5 Influencing variables 146 2.9 Resulting force coefficient 150 2.10 Tyre self-aligning torque and caster offset 152 2.10.1 Tyre self-aligning torque in general 152 2.10.2 Caster offset 152 2.10.3 Influences on the front wheels 154 2.11 Tyre overturning moment and displacement of point of application of force 156 2.12 Torque steer effects 158 2.12.1 Torque steer effects as a result of changes in normal force 158 2.12.2 Torque steer effects resulting from tyre aligning torque 158 2.12.3 Effect of kinematics and elastokinematics 158 3 Wheel travel and elastokinematics 161 3.1 Purpose of the axle settings 162 3.2 Wheelbase 163 3.3 Track 163 3.4 Roll centre and roll axis 172 3.4.2 Body roll axis 176 3.4.3 Body roll centre on independent wheel suspensions 178 3.4.4 Body roll centre on twist-beam suspensions 184 3.4.5 Body roll centre on rigid axles 184 3.5 Camber 187 3.5.1 Camber values and data 187 3.5.2 Kinematic camber alteration 190 3.5.3 Camber alteration calculation by drawing 193 3.5.4 Roll camber during cornering 194 3.5.5 Elasticity camber 197 3.6 Toe-in and self-steering 199 3.6.1 Toe-in and crab angle, data and tolerances 199 3.6.2 Toe-in and steering angle alteration owing to wheel bump- travel kinematics 203 3.6.4 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to lateral forces 211 3.6.5 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to longitudinal forces 212 3.7 Steer angle and steering ratio 220 3.7.1 Steer angle 220 3.7.4 Dynamic steering ratio 227 3.8 Steering self-centring - general 230 3.9 Kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground 233 3.9.1 Relationship between kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground ( scrub radius) 233 3.9.2 Braking moment-arm 237 3.9.3 Longitudinal force moment-arm 240 3.9.4 Alteration to the kingpin offset 242 3.10 Caster 242 3.10.1 Caster trail and angle 242 3.10.2 Caster and straight running 246 3.10.3 Righting moments during cornering 247 3.10.4 Kingpin inclination, camber and caster alteration as a consequence of steering 251 3.10.5 Kinematic caster alteration on front-wheel travel 257 3.10.6 Wheel travel-dependent rotation of the rear steering knuckle 262 3.10.7 Resolution of the vertical wheel force on caster 263 3.10.8 Settings and tolerances 266 3.11 Anti-dive and anti-squat mechanisms 267 3.11.1 Concept description 267 3.11.2 Vehicle pitch axis front 267 3.11.3 Pitch axes rear 270 3.12 Chassis alignment 272 3.12.1 Devices for measuring and checking chassis alignment 272 3.12.2 Measuring the caster, kingpin inclination, camber and toe- in alteration 274 4 Steering 278 4.1 Steering system 278 4.1.2 Steering system on independent wheel suspensions 281 4.1.3 Steering system on rigid axles 281 4.2 Rack and pinion steering 283 4.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 283 4.2.2 Configurations 284 4.2.3 Steering gear, manual with side tie rod take-off 285 4.2.4 Steering gear, manual with centre tie rod take-off 288 4.3 Recirculating ball steering 290 4.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages 290 4.3.2 Steering gear 292 4.4 Power steering systems 293 4.4.1 Hydraulic power steering systems 293 4.4.2 Electro-hydraulic power steering systems 295 4.4.3 Electrical power steering systems 298 4.5 Steering column 300 4.6 Steering damper 306 4.7 Steering kinematics 306 4.7.1 Influence of type and position of the steering gear 306 4.7.2 Steering linkage configuration 308 4.7.3 Tie rod length and position 311 5 Springing 319 5.1 Comfort requirements 319 5.1.2 Running wheel comfort 323 5.1.3 Preventing Îfront-end shakeÌ 0 5.2 Masses, vibration and spring rates 326 5.3 Weights and axle loads 330 5.3.1 Curb weight and vehicle mass 331 5.3.2 Permissible gross vehicle weight and mass 332 5.3.3 Permissible payload 332 5.3.4 Design weight 335 5.3.5 Permissible axle loads 335 5.3.6 Load distribution according to ISO 2416 337 5.4 Springing curves 340 5.4.1 Front axle 340 5.4.2 Rear axle 344 5.4.3 Springing and cornering behaviour 346 5.4.4 Diagonal springing 351 5.5 Spring types 352 5.5.1 Air- and gas-filled spring devices 352 5.5.2 Steel springs 356 5.5.3 Stops and supplementary springs 357 5.5.4 Anti-roll bars 358 5.6 Shock absorbers (suspension dampers) 359 5.6.1 Types of fitting 360 5.6.2 Twin-tube shock absorbers, non-pressurized 361 5.6.3 Twin-tube shock absorbers, pressurized 367 5.6.4 Monotube dampers, pressurized 369 5.6.5 Monotube dampers, non-pressurized 376 5.6.6 Damping diagrams and characteristics 378 5.6.7 Damper attachments 379 5.6.8 Stops and supplementary springs 382 5.7 Spring/damper units 387 5.8 McPherson struts and strut dampers 387 5.8.1 McPherson strut designs 387 5.8.2 Twin-tube McPherson struts, non-pressurized 389 5.8.3 Twin-tube McPherson struts, pressurized 389 5.8.4 Damper struts 393 5.9 Variable damping 393 6 Chassis and vehicle overall 398 6.1 Vehicle and body centre of gravity 398 6.1.2 Calculating the vehicle centre of gravity 399 6.1.3 Axle weights and axle centres of gravity 404 6.1.4 Body weight and body centre of gravity 404 6.2 Mass moments of inertia 406 6.2 Braking behaviour 409 6.3.1 Braking 409 6.3.2 Braking stability 411 6.3.3 Calculating the pitch angle 414 6.3.4 Influence of radius-arm axes 419 6.3.5 Anti-dive control and brake reaction support angle 422 6.4 Traction behaviour 422 6.4.1 Drive-off from rest 422 6.4.2 Climbing ability 426 6.4.3 Skid points 428 6.5 Platform, unit assembly and common part systems 431 Bibliography 434 Glossary of symbols 436 1 Reference points in figures 436 2 Suffixes 437 3 Lengths and distances in mm, cm or m 438 4 Masses, loads and weights in kg 439 5 Forces in N and kN 440 6 Moments in NM 441 7 Other moments in NM 441 8 Spring rates in Nmm-1 or kNm-1 442 9 Angles in degrees or radians 442 10 Characteristics and data with no dimensions 443 11 Other symbols with dimensions 444 Index of manufacturers 445 Index of suppliers 447 Subject index 449 Referex Tyres of suspension and drive 1.1 General characteristics of wheel suspensions 1.2 Independent wheel suspensions - general 1.2.1 Requirements 1.2.2 Double wishbone suspensions 1.2.3 McPherson struts and strut dampers 1.2.4 Rear axle trailing-arm suspension 1.2.5 Semi-trailing-arm rear axles 1.2.6 Multi-link suspension 1.3 Rigid and semi-rigid crank axles 1.3.1 Rigid axles 1.3.2 Semi rigid crank axles 1.4 Front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive 1.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive design 1.4.2 Non-driven front axles 1.4.3 Driven rear axles 1.5 Rear and mid engine drive 1.6 Front-wheel drive 1.6.1 Types of design 1.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of front-wheel drive 1.6.3 Driven front axles 1.6.4 Non-driven rear axles 1.7 Four-wheel drive 1.7.1 Advantages and disadvantages 1.7.2 Four-wheel drive vehicles with overdrive 1.7.3 Manual selection four-wheel drive on commercial and all-terrain vehicles 1.7.4 Permanent four-wheel drive; basic passenger car with front-wheel drive 1.7.5 Permanent four-wheel drive, basic standard design passenger car 1.7.6 Summary of different kinds of four-wheel drive 2 Tyres and wheels 2.1 Tyre requirements 2.1.1 Interchangeability 2.1.2 Passenger car requirements 2.1.3 Commercial vehicle requirements 2.2 Tyre designs 2.2.1 Diagonal ply tyres 2.2.2 Radial ply tyres 2.2.3 Tubeless or tubed 2.2.4 Height-to-width ratio 2.2.5 Tyre dimensions and markings 2.2.6 Tyre load capacities and inflation pressures 2.2.7 Tyre sidewall markings 2.2.8 Rolling circumference and driving speed 2.2.9 Influence of the tyre on the speedometer 2.3 Wheels 2.3.1 Concepts 2.3.2 Rims for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers 2.3.3 Wheels for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trailers 2.3.4 Wheel mountings 2.4 Springing behaviour 2.5 Non-uniformity 2.6 Rolling resistance 2.6.1 Rolling resistance in straight-line driving 2.6.2 Rolling resistance during cornering 2.6.3 Other influencing variables 2.7 Rolling force coefficients and sliding friction 2.7.1 Slip 2.7.2 Friction coefficients and factors 2.7.3 Road influences 2.8 Lateral force and friction coefficients 2.8.1 Lateral forces, slip angle and coefficient of friction 2.8.2 Self-steering properties of vehicles 2.8.3 Coefficients of friction and slip 2.8.4 Lateral cornering force properties on dry road 2.8.5 Influencing variables 2.9 Resulting force coefficient 2.10 Tyre self-aligning torque and caster offset 2.10.1 Tyre self-aligning torque in general 2.10.2 Caster offset 2.10.3 Influences on the front wheels 2.11 Tyre overturning moment and displacement of point of application of force 2.12 Torque steer effects 2.12.1 Torque steer effects as a result of changes in normal force 2.12.2 Torque steer effects resulting from tyre aligning torque 2.12.3 Effect of kinematics and elastokinematics Wheel travel and elastokinematics 3.1 Purpose of the axle settings 3.2 Wheelbase 3.3 Track 3.4 Roll centre and roll axis 3.4.1 Definitions 3.4.2 Body roll axis 3.4.3 Body roll centre on independent wheel suspensions 3.4.4 Body roll centre on twist-beam suspensions 3.4.5 Body roll centre on rigid axles 3.5 Camber 3.5.1 Camber values and data 3.5.2 Kinematic camber alteration 3.5.3 Camber alteration calculation by drawing 3.5.4 Roll camber during cornering 3.5.5 Elasticity camber 3.6 Toe-in and self-steering 3.6.1 Toe-in and crab angle, data and tolerances 3.6.2 Toe-in and steering angle alteration owing to wheel bump-travel kinematics 3.6.3 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to roll 3.6.4 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to lateral forces 3.6.5 Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to longitudinal forces 3.7 Steer angle and steering ratio 3.7.1 Steer angle 3.7.2 Track and turning circles 3.7.3 Kinematic steering ratio 3.7.4 Dynamic steering ratio 3.8 Steering self-centring - general 3.9 Kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground 3.9.1 Relationship between kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground (scrub radius) 3.9.2 Braking moment-arm 3.9.3 Longitudinal force moment-arm 3.9.4 Alteration to the kingpin offset 3.10 Caster 3.10.1 Caster trail and angle 3.10.2 Caster and straight running 3.10.3 Righting moments during cornering 3.10.4 Kingpin inclination, camber and caster alteration as a consequence of steering 3.10.5 Kinematic caster alteration on front-wheel travel 3.10.6 Wheel travel-dependent rotation of the rear steering knuckle 3.10.7 Resolution of the vertical wheel force on caster 3.10.8 Settings and tolerances 3.11 Anti-dive and anti-squat mechanisms 3.11.1 Concept description 3.11.2 Vehicle pitch axis front 3.11.3 Pitch axes rear 3.12 Chassis alignment 3.12.1 Devices for measuring and checking chassis alignment 3.12.2 Measuring the caster, kingpin inclination, camber and toe-in alteration 4 Steering 4.1 Steering system 4.1.1 Requirements 4.1.2 Steering system on independent wheel suspensions 4.1.3 Steering system on rigid axles 4.2 Rack and pinion steering 4.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 4.2.2 Configurations 4.2.3 Steering gear, manual with side tie rod take-off 4.2.4 Steering gear, manual with centre tie rod take-off 4.3 Recirculating ball steering 4.3.1 Advantages and disadvantages 4.3.2 Steering gear 4.4 Power steering systems 4.4.1 Hydraulic power steering systems 4.4.2 Electro-hydraulic power steering systems 4.4.3 Electrical power steering systems 4.5 Steering column 4.6 Steering damper 4.7 Steering kinematics 4.7.1 Influence of type and position of the steering gear 4.7.2 Steering linkage configuration 4.7.3 Tie rod length and position 5 Springing 5.1 Comfort requirements 5.1.1 Springing comfort 5.1.2 Running wheel comfort 5.1.3 Preventing 'front-end shake' 5.2 Masses, vibration and spring rates 5.3 Weights and axle loads 5.3.1 Curb weight and vehicle mass 5.3.2 Permissible gross vehicle weight and mass 5.3.3 Permissible payload 5.3.4 Design weight 5.3.5 Permissible axle loads 5.3.6 Load distribution according to ISO 2416 5.4 Springing curves 5.4.1 Front axle 5.4.2 Rear axle 5.4.3 Springing and cornering behaviour 5.4.4 Diagonal springing 5.5 Spring types 5.5.1 Air- and gas-filled spring devices 5.5.2 Steel springs 5.5.3 Stops and supplementary springs 5.5.4 Anti-roll bars 5.6 Shock absorbers (suspension dampers) 5.6.1 Types of fitting 5.6.2 Twin-tube shock absorbers, non-pressurized 5.6.3 Twin-tube shock absorbers, pressurized 5.6.4 Monotube dampers, pressurized 5.6.5 Monotube dampers, non-pressurized 5.6.6 Damping diagrams and characteristics 5.6.7 Damper attachments 5.6.8 Stops and supplementary springs 5.7 Spring/damper units 5.8 McPherson struts and strut dampers 5.8.1 McPherson strut designs 5.8.2 Twin-tube McPherson struts, non-pressurized 5.8.3 Twin-tube McPherson struts, pressurized 5.8.4 Damper struts 5.9 Variable damping 6 Chassis and vehicle overall 6.1 Vehicle and body centre of gravity 6.1.1 Centre of gravity and handling properties 6.1.2 Calculating the vehicle centre of gravity 6.1.3 Axle weights and axle centres of gravity 6.1.4 Body weight and body centre of gravity 6.2 Mass moments of inertia 6.3 Braking behaviour 6.3.1 Braking 6.3.2 Braking stability 6.3.3 Calculating the pitch angle 6.3.4 Influence of radius-arm axes 6.3.5 Anti-dive control and brake reaction support angle 6.4 Traction behaviour 6.4.1 Written for component and system engineers, this text provides an overview of chassis technology, from the requirements and design of tires through axle kinematics to steering, springing, and damper systems. Reimpell (formerly, automotive engineering, U. of Applied Science Cologne), Stoll (an engineer), and Betzler (chassis/simulation technology, University of Applied Science Cologne) explain the principles of vehicle and suspension design, the platform concept, four-wheel drive technology, suspension design, and the standards of ISO 8855 and SAE J 670. The first English translation appeared in 1995, published by Arnold and SAE; the second edition appeared in 2000, published by Elsevier's Butterworth at a much higher price. This SAE reprint of 2002 restores a decent price. Annotation 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) This comprehensive overview of chassis technology presents an up-to-date picture for vehicle construction and design engineers in education and industry. The book acts as an introduction to the engineering design of the automobile's fundamental mechanical systems. Clear text and first class diagrams are used to relate basic engineering principles to the particular requirements of the chassis. In addition, the 2nd edition of 'The Automotive Chassis' has a new author team and has been completely updated to include new technology in total vehicle and suspension design, including platform concept and four-wheel drive technology.

Conforming to ISO 8855 and SAE J670, this second English edition provides a clearly structured overview of chassis technology. Includes over 400 illustrations relating basic engineering principles to the particular requirements of the chassis of vehicle mechanics. This 2nd edition includes new technology in total vehicle and suspension design and covers the latest platform concept and four-wheel drive technology that conform with ISO8855 and SAE J 670 specifications and terminology From rest 6.4.2 Climbing ability 6.4.3 Skid points 6.5 Platform, unit assembly and common part systems Bibliography Glossary of symbols Index of car manufacturers Index of car suppliers Subject index