The ASQ Metrology Handbook

The ever-changing fields of science and technology have made huge leaps, thanks in part to improvements in measurements. Without metrology, these areas may not have experienced exponential growth. Developed by experts in the field as a comprehensive and practical reference, The ASQ Metrology Handbook, Third Edition provides a foundation for understanding metrology as well as calibration principles and practices. This handbook is ideal for not only metrology professionals, but also calibration professionals including calibration technicians and technologists, quality professionals, workers in testing laboratories, consultants, and instructors. Whether you are entering a new phase of your career field, investing in your own continuous improvement journey, training your fellow calibration practitioners, or preparing for ASQ's Certified Calibration Technician (CCT) exam, this handbook provides the information, guidance, and knowledge to help you achieve your goals. New to this Third Edition: A thorough explanation of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 The 2019 Redefinition of the International System of Units Updated and expanded chapters, including information about training and competency, software validation, statistics, decision rules and risk, uncertainty in measurement, mass and weighing, force, and chemical and biological measurements and uncertainties|The ever-changing fields of science and technology have made huge leaps, thanks in part to improvements in measurements. Without metrology, these areas may not have experienced exponential growth. Developed by experts in the field as a comprehensive and practical reference, The ASQ Metrology Handbook, Third Edition provides a foundation for understanding metrology as well as calibration principles and practices. This handbook is ideal for not only metrology professionals, but also calibration professionals including calibration technicians and technologists, quality professionals, workers in testing laboratories, consultants, and instructors. Whether you are entering a new phase of your career field, investing in your own continuous improvement journey, training your fellow calibration practitioners, or preparing for ASQ's Certified Calibration Technician (CCT) exam, this handbook provides the information, guidance, and knowledge to help you achieve your goals. New to this Third Edition: A thorough explanation of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 The 2019 Redefinition of the International System of Units Updated and expanded chapters, including information about training and competency, software validation, statistics, decision rules and risk, uncertainty in measurement, mass and weighing, force, and chemical and biological measurements and uncertainties Cover Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Part I. Background Chapter 1. History and Philosophy of Metrology/Calibration Ancient Measurement Measurement Progress in the Last 2000 Years Standards, Commerce, and Metrology History of Quality Standards Measurement and the Industrial Revolution Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History Part II. Quality Systems Chapter 2. The Basics of a Quality System Quality Tools Process Improvement Techniques Chapter 3. Quality Standards and Their Evolution What Are Quality Standards and Why Are They Important The Role of ISO Evolution of Quality Standards History of Quality Standards: 1900–1940 History of Quality Standards—1940 to the Present Chapter 4. Quality Documentation Chapter 5. Calibration Procedures Introduction Calibration Procedure Contents Other SOPs and Competencies Safety and Handling Considerations Method Validation and Verification Summary Chapter. 6 Calibration Records Record Integrity and Retention Chapter 7. Calibration Certificates Chapter 8. Management Systems and Quality Manuals Chapter 9. Metrological Traceability Traceability Definitions National Metrology Institutes as a Source of Traceability International Agreements and Arrangements: Recommended Calibration Providers Evaluating Metrological Traceability Documenting Calibration Hierarchies Circular Calibrations Reverse Traceability Tools for Assessing Traceability The Importance of Traceability Chapter 10. Calibration Programs Delay Dating Chapter 11. The International System of Units (SI) and Measurement Standards The International System of Units: Defining, Realizing, and Disseminating Presentation of Measurement Results: Units and Symbols Measurement Standard Types Accuracy Matters—Understanding and Communicating Measurement Uncertainties Write It Right: Understanding Nuances of Metrics in Technical Writing Chapter 12. Audit Requirements Chapter 13. Scheduling and Recall Systems Chapter 14. Labels and Equipment Status Chapter 15. Training and Competency Background Competence Requirements Job Descriptions Training Plan Training Sources Formal Training Informal Training Summary Chapter 16. Environmental Controls Chapter 17. Industry-Specific Requirements ISO/IEC 17025 FDA Quality System Regulations Other Industry Requirements Chapter 18. Computers, Software, and Software Validation Background Calibration Management Software Systems Security Instrumentation Software Classifications Automated Calibration Procedure Software Spreadsheets Part III. Metrology Concepts Chapter 19. A General Understanding of Metrology Chapter 20. Measurement Methods, Systems, Capabilities, and Data Measurement Methods Measurement Systems Measurement Capabilities Measurement Data Calibration Methods and Techniques Chapter 21. Specifications Types of Specification Limits Chapter 22. Substituting Calibration Standards Measurement Standard Substitution Equipment Substitution and Calibration Procedures Chapter 23. Proficiency Testing, Interlaboratory Comparisons, and Measurement Assurance Programs Proficiency Testing Measurement Assurance Programs Part IV. Mathematics and Statistics: Their Use in Measurement Chapter 24. Number Formatting Significant Digits Notation Methods Standard Notation SI Prefix System ISO Preferred Numbers Number Rounding Methods Other Number Formatting Issues Date and Time Formats Chapter 25. Unit Conversions SI Units Coherence of SI Units SI-Derived Units Units Not to Be Used Within the SI System of Units SI Units Arranged by Unit Category Conversion Factors and Their Uses Uncertainties for Some Fundamental Units (Standard and Relative) Number Bases Conversion Factors for Converting Between Equivalent Measurement Units Chapter 26. Ratios Decibel Measures Logarithms in Microsoft Excel Types of Linearizing Transformations Graphs Chapter 27. Statistics Fundamental Measurement Assumptions Degrees of Freedom Residuals Central Tendency Bimodal Distributions Central Limit Theorem Confidence Interval Root Mean Square Sum of Squares Root Sum of Squares Population Variance Population Standard Deviation Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation Standard Error of the Mean Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis Skewness Kurtosis Correlation Linear Relationships Zero and Span Relationships Interpolation Formats of Tabular Data Linear Interpolation Methods Interpolation Methods for Nonlinear Data Types of Distributions and Their Properties Standard Normal (Gaussian) Z-Distribution Autocorrelation Chapter 28. Mensuration, Volume, and Surface Areas Mensuration, Lengths, and Angles Length Circle Ellipse Angle Plane Area Perimeter Ellipse Perimeter (Circumference) Volume Surface Area Part V. Uncertainty in Measurement Chapter 29. Measurement Uncertainty Measurement Uncertainty Evaluating Measurement Uncertainty Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation Process Other Measurement Uncertainty Considerations Managing Measurement Uncertainty Chapter 30. Measurement Risk and Decision Rules Measurement Risk Test Uncertainty Ratio (TUR) A 4:1 TUR Conclusion Annex A Part VI. Measurement Parameters Chapter 31. Introduction to Measurement Parameters Chapter 32. DC and Low Frequency DC and AC Low Frequency Measurement Parameters Chapter 33. Radio Frequency and Microwave RF and Microwave Frequencies Measurement Parameters Measurement Methods Chapter 34. Mass and Weighing SI Unit of Mass Mass and Weighing Good Weighing Procedures Weighing Instruments—Types, Documentary Standards, Calibration Procedures Mass Calibration Standards (Weights) Summary Chapter 35. Force Basic Introduction The SI Units for Force Why Force Measurement Is Important Types of Force Instruments S-Beam (S-Type) Shear Web Button Load Cell Single-Column or High-Stress Load Cells Multi-Column Load Cells Hysteresis Nonrepeatability Static Error Band Methods/Standards Common Error Sources in Force Calibration Calibration Using Different Setups for Compression and Tension Adapters Affect Mechanical Interactions Tension Clevis Adapters for Tension Links, Crane Scales, and Dynamometers Four-Wire and Six-Wire Systems Equipment Design Uncertainty Contributors Type A Uncertainty Contributions Type B Uncertainty Contributions Other Error Sources Guidance for Type A Uncertainty Contributions When ASTM E74 Is Used as the Standard Guidance for Type B Uncertainty Contributors When ASTM E74 Is Used as the Standard Conclusion Chapter 36. Dimensional and Mechanical Parameters Length Measures Angle Measurement—Definitions Levels Chapter 37. Other Parameters: Electro-Optical and Radiation Optics Colorimetry Ionizing Radiation Optical Radiation pH Chapter 38. Chemical and Biological Measurements and Uncertainties Introduction Organizations Traceability Fundamentals Establishing Traceability for Chemical Tests Evaluating Measurement Uncertainty for Chemical Tests Contributors to Uncertainty in Chemical Testing Conclusion Part VII. Managing a Metrology Department or Calibration Laboratory Chapter 39. Getting Started Chapter 40. Best Practices Customer Service (Lab Liaisons) Using Metrics for Department/Laboratory Management Preventive Maintenance Programs Surveys and Customer Satisfaction Chapter 41. Process Workflow Chapter 42. Budgeting and Resource Management Budget Chapter 43. Vendors and Suppliers Chapter 44. Housekeeping and Safety All Industries 5S Methodology Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry Electronics or High-Voltage/Current Industries Airline Industry Physical-Dimensional Calibration Computer Industry Appendix A. Further Resources and Publications Appendix B. Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix C. Glossary of Terms Introduction Glossary Appendix D. Common Conversions Endnotes Bibliography/References Index About the Contributors