The Art of Chinese Philosophy : Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them

A smart and accessible introduction to the most important works of ancient Chinese philosophy-the Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Xunzi, and Han Feizi This book provides an unmatched introduction to eight of the most important works of classical Chinese philosophy-the Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Xunzi, and Han Feizi. Combining accessibility with the latest scholarship, Paul Goldin, one of the world's leading authorities on the history of Chinese philosophy, places these works in rich context as he explains the origin and meaning of their compelling ideas. Because none of these classics was written in its current form by the author to whom it is attributed, the book begins by asking, "What are we reading?" and showing that understanding the textual history of the works enriches our appreciation of them. A chapter is devoted to each of the eight works, and the chapters are organized into three sections: "Philosophy of Heaven," which looks at how the Analects, Mozi, and Mencius discuss, often skeptically, Heaven (tian) as a source of philosophical values; "Philosophy of the Way," which addresses how Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Sunzi introduce the new concept of the Way (dao) to transcend the older paradigms; and "Two Titans at the End of an Age," which examines how Xunzi and Han Feizi adapt the best ideas of the earlier thinkers for a coming imperial age. In addition, the book presents clear and insightful explanations of the protean and frequently misunderstood concept of qi-and of a crucial characteristic of Chinese philosophy, nondeductive reasoning. The result is an invaluable account of an endlessly fascinating and influential philosophical tradition. "In this book intellectual historian Paul Goldin presents a history and interpretation of the eight most important classical Chinese philosophical texts and schools of thought associated with them: the Analects, Mencius, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Sunzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi. These eight texts represent the core of ancient Chinese thought and are usefully studied in conjunction as they continually respond to one another's arguments. They have also exerted outsize influence on both the history of Chinese philosophical thought, and intellectual life, and remain widely read today. Goldin aims to strike a fundamental balance: paying due attention to the historical circumstances of each text's transmission, without losing sight of its animating ideas. A significant fact (and one which differentiates these texts from the vast majority of Western philosophical texts) is that not one of the eight texts was written in its present form by the philosopher to whom it is attributed. Goldin thus begins the book by asking the basic question "What are we reading?" while also considering why it has been so rarely asked. Yet far from denigrating Chinese philosophy, he argues that liberating these texts from the mythic idea that they are the product of a single great mind only improves our understanding and appreciation. By no means does a text require single and undisputed authorship to be meaningful; nor is historicism the only legitimate interpretive stance. The first chapter takes up a hallmark of Chinese philosophy that demands a Western reader's cognizance: its preference for non-deductive argumentation. Chinese philosophy is an art (hence the title) he demonstrates, more than it is a rigorous logical method. Then comes the core of the book, eight chapters devoted to the eight philosophical texts divided into three parts: Philosophy of Heaven, Philosophy of the Way, and Two Titans at the End of an Age. In a final section Goldin explains the versatile concept of qi (chi), which played a central role in Chinese philosophical thought (as well as the martial arts) and which was thought to be the animating life force of nature and the control of which the key to philosophical wisdom"-- Provided by publisher A smart and accessible introduction to the most important works of ancient Chinese philosophy-- the Analects of Confucius, Mozi , Mencius , Laozi , Zhuangzi , Sunzi , Xunzi , and Han Feizi This book provides an unmatched introduction to eight of the most important works of classical Chinese philosophy--the Analects of Confucius, Mozi , Mencius , Laozi , Zhuangzi , Sunzi , Xunzi , and Han Feizi . Combining accessibility with the latest scholarship, Paul Goldin, one of world's leading authorities on the history of Chinese philosophy, places these works in rich context as he explains the origin and meaning of their compelling ideas. Because none of these classics was written in its current form by the author to whom it is attributed, the book begins by asking "What are we reading?" and showing that understanding the textual history of the works enriches our appreciation of them. A chapter is devoted to each of the eight works, and the chapters are organized into three sections: "Philosophy of Heaven," which looks at how the Analects , Mozi , and Mencius discuss, often skeptically, Heaven ( tian ) as a source of philosophical values; "Philosophy of the Way," which addresses how Laozi , Zhuangzi , and Sunzi introduce the new concept of the Way ( dao ) to transcend the older paradigms; and "Two Titans at the End of an Age," which examines how Xunzi and Han Feizi adapt the best ideas of the earlier thinkers for a coming imperial age. In addition, the book presents clear and insightful explanations of the protean and frequently misunderstood concept of qi --and of a crucial characteristic of Chinese philosophy, nondeductive reasoning. The result is an invaluable account of an endlessly fascinating and influential philosophical tradition. Dedication 6 Contents 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 12 Introduction: What Are We Reading? 16 1 Nondeductive Argumentation and the Art of Chinese Philosophy 28 Part I. Philosophy of Heaven 44 2 The Analects of Confucius 46 3 Mozi 69 4 Mencius 94 Part II. Philosophy of the Way 122 5 Laozi 124 6 Zhuangzi 144 7 Sunzi 168 Part III. Two Titans at the End of an Age 182 8 Xunzi 184 9 Han Feizi 2 Appendix: What Is qi 氣 and Why Was It a Good Idea? 244 Notes 260 Bibliography 308 General Index 346 Index Locorum 352