The Armenian Legionnaires : Sacrifice and Betrayal in World War I

Following the devastation resulting from the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1915, the survivors of the massacres were dispersed across the Middle East, Europe and North and South America. Not content with watching World War I silently from the sidelines, a large number of Armenian volunteers joined the Legion d'Orient. They were trained in Cyprus and fought courageously in Palestine and Cilicia alongside Allied commander General Allenby, eventually playing a crucial role in defeating German and Ottoman forces in Palestine at the Battle of Arara in September 1918. The Armenian Legionnaires signed up on the understanding that they would be fighting in Syria and Turkey, and, should the Allies be successful, they would be part of an occupying army in their old homelands, laying the foundation for a self-governing Armenian state. Susan Paul Pattie describes the motivations and dreams of the Armenian Legionnaires and their ultimate betrayal as the French and the British shifted priorities, leaving their ancestral Armenian homelands to the emerging Republic of Turkey. Complete with eyewitness accounts, letters and photographs, this book provides an insight into relations between the Great Powers through the lens of a small, vulnerable people caught in a war that was not their own, but which had already destroyed their known world. "One of the most remarkable artistic achievements of the Mughal Empire was the emergence in the early seventeenth century of portraits of identifiable individuals, unprecedented in both South Asia and the Islamic world. Appearing at a time of increasing contact between Europe and Asia, portraits from the reigns of the great Mughal emperor-patrons Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan are among the best-known paintings produced in South Asia. In the following centuries portraiture became more widespread in the visual culture of South Asia, especially in the rich and varied traditions of painting, but also in sculpture and later prints and photography. This collection seeks to understand the intended purpose of a range of portrait traditions in South Asia and how their style, setting and representation may have advanced a range of aesthetic, social and political functions. The chapters range across a wide historical period, exploring ideals of portraiture in Sanskrit and Persian literature, the emergence and political symbolism of Mughal portraiture, through to the paintings of the Rajput courts, sculpture in Tamil temples and the transformation of portraiture in colonial north India and post-independence Pakistan. This specially commissioned collection of studies from a strong list of established scholars and rising stars makes a significant contribution to South Asian history, art and visual culture." Following the devastation resulting from what has come to be known as the Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey in 1915, the survivors of the massacres were dispersed across the Middle East, North America and Western Europe. Not content with watching World War I silently from the sidelines, a large number of Armenian volunteers joined the French Foreign Legion. They were trained in Cyprus and fought extensively in Palestine and Cilicia alongside General Allenby, eventually playing a crucial role in defeating German and Ottoman forces in Palestine at the Battle of Arara in September 1918. The Armenian Legionnaires signed up on the understanding that they would be fighting in Syria and Turkey, and, should the Allies be successful, they would be part of an occupying army in their old homelands, laying the foundation for an independent Armenia. Susan Pattie describes the motivations and dreams of the Armenian Legionnaires and their ultimate betrayal as the French and the British shifted their priorities, leaving their ancestral homelands to the emerging Republic of Turkey. Complete with eyewitness accounts, letters and photographs, this book provides an insight into relations between the Great Powers through the lens of a small, powerless people caught in a war that was not their own, but which had already destroyed their known world. Cover Title Copyright Contents Foreword Acknowledgments Note on the Contents of The Armenian Legionnaires Timeline 1. Armenians in a World at War 2. The Armenian Legion at the Crossroads of Colonial Politics Varak Ketsemanian 3. Recruitment and the Voyage 4. Training in Cyprus 5. Palestine and Preparation for Battle 6. The Battle of Arara 7. The Next Stages: Beirut 8. To Cilicia, the “Promised Land” 9. Repatriation and Increasing Uncertainties 10. The Transfer of Power in Marash 11. The Battles of Marash or “The Marash Affair” 12. The Aftermath Epilogue Appendices A. Short Biographies Dickran Boyajian Marc Mamigonian Vahan Portukalian Gagik Stepan-Sarkissian Hagop Arevian Ovsia Saghdejian Vahe H. Apelian B. Letters and Declarations Official Declaration to the Armenian People Letters of Commendation C. “The French Record in Cilicia” from The Christian Science Monitor, 1921: An interview with legionnaire Lieutenant John Shishmanian Notes Bibliography Glossary List of Illustrations Index Susan Paul Pattie ; With A Chapter By Varak Ketsemanian Includes Bibliographical References (pages 235-247) And Index.