The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy

"The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy provides a synthetic overview of all excavations that have been conducted at Troy, from the nineteenth century through the latest discoveries between 1988 and the present. Charles Brian Rose traces the social and economic development of the city and related sites in the Troad, as well as the development of its civic and religious centers from the Bronze Age through the early Christian period, with a focus on the settlements of Greek and Roman date. Along the way, he reconsiders the circumstances of the Trojan War and chronicles Troy's gradual development into a Homeric tourist destination and the adoption of Trojan ancestry by most nation-states in medieval Europe"-- Provided by publisher Cover......Page 1 The Archaeology of Greek and Roman ­Troy......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 List of ­Illustrations......Page 9 ­Acknowledgments......Page 15 ­Introduction......Page 43 ­One Troy in the Bronze Age......Page 50 Troy, the Aegean, and Central Anatolia during the Second Millennium......Page 67 Ahhiyawa......Page 70 Writing and Commerce......Page 76 The Twelfth Century ­B.C.......Page 78 Settlement VIIB (1180–1050 B.C.)......Page 80 The Historicity of the War......Page 82 ­Two Troy during the Archaic Period......Page 86 The Protogeometric and Geometric Periods (VIIb3/early VIII, ca. 1050–650 B.C.)......Page 87 The Archaic Period: ca. 650–480 B.C.......Page 95 Co-opting Troy......Page 105 Ilion and Assos in the Late Archaic Period......Page 107 The Aeolian Migration......Page 111 ­Three The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley: The Polyxena Sarcophagus......Page 114 SIDE A: The Sacrifice of ­Polyxena......Page 121 Side B: The Mourning of Hecuba......Page 129 Side C: The Celebration......Page 131 Side D: The Celebration Continues......Page 133 The Relationship between Patron and Iconography......Page 137 The Sculptural Workshop......Page 142 Historical Context......Page 144 ­Four The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley II: The Child’s Sarcophagus......Page 146 ­Five The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley III: The Dedetepe Tumulus......Page 158 The Tomb Chamber......Page 160 The Funeral Ceremony......Page 167 The Residence of the Tumuli Builders......Page 169 ­Six The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley IV: The Çan Sarcophagus......Page 171 The Hunting Scenes......Page 174 The Battle Scene......Page 178 Biographical Narratives......Page 180 The Sculptural Workshop......Page 183 ­Seven Ilion, Athens, and Sigeion during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.......Page 185 Xerxes in the Troad......Page 186 Athens in the Troad/Troy in Athens......Page 188 Sparta, Persia, and Sigeion in Late Classical Ilion......Page 192 Alexander at Ilion......Page 198 ­Eight Ilion in the Early Hellenistic Period......Page 200 Building for the ­Panathenaea......Page 204 The Seleucids......Page 212 The Building Programs of Antiochus Hierax......Page 217 The Temple of Athena......Page 225 The Metopes of the Temple......Page 228 Other Structures in the Sanctuary......Page 230 Other Monuments in the Troad......Page 235 ­Nine The West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic Period......Page 238 The Third Century B.C.......Page 240 The Second Century B.C.......Page 247 Deciphering the Cults......Page 251 Trojan Cults in ­Italy......Page 256 ­Ten Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Ilion......Page 259 The Attack of 85 B.C.......Page 261 The Augustan and Julio-Claudian Renovation......Page 265 Other Sites around the Troad......Page 276 ­Eleven Ilion from the Flavians to the Byzantines......Page 280 Theater A......Page 282 The West Sanctuary and the Lower City......Page 283 From Hadrian to the Antonines......Page 288 The Severan Period......Page 301 Ilion during Late Antiquity......Page 305 The Granicus River Valley in Late Antiquity......Page 313 Late Byzantine Ilion......Page 316 ­Twelve The Concept of Troy after Antiquity......Page 319 Introduction......Page 331 Troy in the Bronze Age......Page 332 Troy during the Archaic Period......Page 337 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley: The Polyxena Sarcophagus......Page 343 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley II: The Child’s Sarcophagus......Page 350 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley III: The Dedetepe Tumulus......Page 352 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley IV: The Çan Sarcophagus......Page 354 Ilion, Athens, and Sigeion during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.......Page 357 Ilion in the Early Hellenistic Period......Page 360 The West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic Period......Page 367 Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Ilion......Page 370 Ilion from the Flavians to the Byzantines......Page 375 The Concept of Troy after Antiquity......Page 382 ­Bibliography......Page 385 INDEX......Page 437 Cover 1 The Archaeology of Greek and Roman ­Troy 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 List of ­Illustrations 9 ­Acknowledgments 15 ­Introduction 43 ­One Troy in the Bronze Age 50 Troy, the Aegean, and Central Anatolia during the Second Millennium 67 Ahhiyawa 70 Writing and Commerce 76 The Twelfth Century ­B.C. 78 Settlement VIIB (1180–1050 B.C.) 80 The Historicity of the War 82 ­Two Troy during the Archaic Period 86 The Protogeometric and Geometric Periods (VIIb3/early VIII, ca. 1050–650 B.C.) 87 The Archaic Period: ca. 650–480 B.C. 95 Co-opting Troy 105 Ilion and Assos in the Late Archaic Period 107 The Aeolian Migration 111 ­Three The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley: The Polyxena Sarcophagus 114 SIDE A: The Sacrifice of ­Polyxena 121 Side B: The Mourning of Hecuba 129 Side C: The Celebration 131 Side D: The Celebration Continues 133 The Relationship between Patron and Iconography 137 The Sculptural Workshop 142 Historical Context 144 ­Four The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley II: The Child’s Sarcophagus 146 ­Five The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley III: The Dedetepe Tumulus 158 The Tomb Chamber 160 The Funeral Ceremony 167 The Residence of the Tumuli Builders 169 ­Six The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley IV: The Çan Sarcophagus 171 The Hunting Scenes 174 The Battle Scene 178 Biographical Narratives 180 The Sculptural Workshop 183 ­Seven Ilion, Athens, and Sigeion during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. 185 Xerxes in the Troad 186 Athens in the Troad/Troy in Athens 188 Sparta, Persia, and Sigeion in Late Classical Ilion 192 Alexander at Ilion 198 ­Eight Ilion in the Early Hellenistic Period 200 Building for the ­Panathenaea 204 The Seleucids 212 The Building Programs of Antiochus Hierax 217 The Temple of Athena 225 The Metopes of the Temple 228 Other Structures in the Sanctuary 230 Other Monuments in the Troad 235 ­Nine The West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic Period 238 The Third Century B.C. 240 The Second Century B.C. 247 Deciphering the Cults 251 Trojan Cults in ­Italy 256 ­Ten Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Ilion 259 The Attack of 85 B.C. 261 The Augustan and Julio-Claudian Renovation 265 Other Sites around the Troad 276 ­Eleven Ilion from the Flavians to the Byzantines 280 Theater A 282 The West Sanctuary and the Lower City 283 From Hadrian to the Antonines 288 The Severan Period 301 Ilion during Late Antiquity 305 The Granicus River Valley in Late Antiquity 313 Late Byzantine Ilion 316 ­Twelve The Concept of Troy after Antiquity 319 ­Notes 331 Acknowledgments 331 Introduction 331 Troy in the Bronze Age 332 Troy during the Archaic Period 337 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley: The Polyxena Sarcophagus 343 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley II: The Child’s Sarcophagus 350 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley III: The Dedetepe Tumulus 352 The Tombs of the Granicus River Valley IV: The Çan Sarcophagus 354 Ilion, Athens, and Sigeion during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. 357 Ilion in the Early Hellenistic Period 360 The West Sanctuary during the Hellenistic Period 367 Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Ilion 370 Ilion from the Flavians to the Byzantines 375 The Concept of Troy after Antiquity 382 ­Bibliography 385 INDEX 437 The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy provides a synthetic overview of all excavations that have been conducted at Troy, from the 19th century through the latest discoveries between 1988 and the present. C. Brian Rose traces the social and economic development of the city and related sites in the Troad, as well as the development of its civic and religious centers from the Bronze Age through the early Christian period, with a focus on the settlements of Greek and Roman date. Along the way, he reconsiders the circumstances of the Trojan War and chronicles Troy's gradual development into a Homeric tourist destination and the adoption of Trojan ancestry by most nation-states in medieval Europe.