The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, 67) (English and Arabic Edition)

The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber provides an overview of the effects of language contact on a wide array of Berber languages spoken in the Maghrib. These languages have undergone important changes in their lexicon, phonology, morphology, and syntax as a result of over a thousand years of Arabic influence. The social situation of Berber-Arabic language contact is similar all over the region: Berber speakers introducing Arabic features into their language, with only little language shift going on. Moreover, the typological profile of the different Berber varieties is relatively homogenous. The comparison of contact-induced change in Berber therefore adds up to a study in typological variation of contact influence under very similar linguistic and social conditions. -- provided by publisher. Machine generated contents note: 2.1.The Afroasiatic Heritage -- 2.2.Berber Classification -- 2.3.Maghribian Arabic and the Arabicization of Northern Africa -- 2.4.Sociolinguistics of Berber-Arabic Contact -- 2.5.Diglossia and the Arabic Influence on Berber -- 2.6.The Dating of Arabic-Based Berber Innovations -- 3.1.Proto-Berber -- 3.2.Pre-Roman Loans in Berber -- 3.3.Latin Loans in Berber -- 3.4.Early Islamic Terminology -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.1.1.Core Borrowings vs. Cultural Borrowings -- 4.1.2.Additive Borrowing -- 4.1.3.Substitutive Borrowing -- 4.1.4.Diglossic Insertion -- 4.2.Quantitative Approaches -- 4.3.Text Frequency of Arabic Borrowings -- 4.4.Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: The LWT Sample -- 4.5.Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: Core Vocabulary -- 4.5.1.Borrowing Lists of Basic Vocabulary -- 4.5.2.Borrowing Rates in a Number of Standard Lists -- 4.5.3.Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Quantitative Results --^ 4.5.4.Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Detailed Lexical Study -- 4.6.Borrowings in Core Vocabulary: A Sample Survey in Nouns -- 4.6.1.Body Parts -- 4.6.2.Natural Phenomena -- 4.6.3.Insects and other Small Non-Vertebrates -- 4.6.4.Metals -- 4.6.5.Cultivated Plants -- 4.6.6.Domestic Animals -- 4.7.Verbs -- 4.7.1.Verbs in Basic Word Lists -- 4.7.2.Verbs according to Activity Types and Contexts -- 4.7.3.Verbs of the Household Context -- 4.7.4.Verbs of Agriculture -- 4.7.5.Verbs of the Market Context -- 4.7.6.Movement Verbs -- 4.7.7.Verbs of Cognition and Emotion -- 4.7.8.Transitive Actions with (Normally) Inanimate Objects -- 5.1.Phonological Systems of Berber and Arabic -- 5.2.The Earliest Stratum of Loanwords -- 5.3.Later Loanwords -- 5.3.1.Arabic Loans and Berber-internal Innovations -- 5.3.2.The Integration of Foreign Phonemes -- 5.3.2.1.The Fate of s and ss -- 5.3.2.2.The Fate of d and t and Their Long Counterparts -- 5.3.2.3.The Fate of Arabic q --^ 5.3.2.4.The Fate of Arabic x, h and e -- 5.3.2.5.Some Rare Berber Consonants Strengthened by Arabic -- 5.4.The Use of Arabic Sounds in Non-Arabic Words -- 6.1.General Overview of the Two Systems -- 6.2.Integrated Borrowings -- 6.2.1.Non-Integrated Borrowings: General Features -- 6.2.2.Paradigmatic Gender Relationship in Non-Integrated Borrowings -- 6.3.Integrated Borrowings with Retention of the Arabic Article -- 6.4.Non-Integrated Borrowings Lacking the Arabic Article -- 6.5.The Distribution of Integrated and Non-Integrated Borrowings over the Lexicon -- 6.6.Comparing Berber Morphology and Non-Integrated Morphology -- 7.1.General Morphological Facts -- 7.2.Arabic Derived Forms in Berber -- 7.3.The Insertion of Arabic Verb Shapes into Berber Morphology -- 7.3.1.The Treatment of Verbs without a Plain Vowel in Arabic -- 7.3.1.1.CCC Verbs and Longer Stems -- 7.3.1.2.C1C2C2 Verbs -- 7.3.1.3.Arabic Aspectual Apophoriy in Borrowed Arabic Verbs without a Plain Vowel --^ 7.3.2.The Integration of Arabic Verbs with a Final Vowel -- 7.3.2.1.First Stem Verbs -- 7.3.2.2.Other Stem Forms -- 7.3.2.3.Vowel-final Arabic Verbs and the Question of Imperfect Vocalization -- 7.3.3.Integrating Arabic Verbs with an Initial or Internal Plain Vowel -- 7.3.3.1.Verbs with Initial ?a -- 7.3.3.2.Verbs with an Internal Vowel, Excepting CVC Verbs -- 7.3.3.3.CVC Verbs -- 7.4.Taking over Arabic Inflection -- 7.5.Labile Valency in Borrowed Verbs -- 7.6.Stative Verbs and Adjectives -- 8.1.Adjectives -- 8.2.Collective Nouns versus Unity Nouns -- 8.3.Arabic Participles -- 8.4.Diminutives -- 8.5.Adjectival Grading -- 9.1.Personal Pronouns -- 9.1.1.Arabic Pronominal Forms with Borrowed Particles -- 9.1.2.Arabic Pronouns Bound to Borrowed Verbs -- 9.1.3.Arabic Independent Pronouns after the Presentative Particle ha -- 9.1.4.Arabic Reciprocal Pronouns -- 9.2.Interrogatives -- 9.2.1.Interrogatives 'Who' and 'What' -- 9.2.2.Adverbial Interrogatives -- 9.2.3.'Which' --^ 9.2.4.Yes/No Questions -- 9.3.Numerals -- 9.3.1.Cardinal Numbers -- 9.3.2.Fractions -- 9.3.3.Ordinal Numbers -- 9.4.Universal Quantifiers -- 10.1.Deixis -- 10.2.Negation -- 10.2.1.Verbal Negation -- 10.2.1.1.The Use of Arabic Pre-Verbal Negators in Berber -- 10.2.1.2.The Second Part of the Negation -- 10.2.2.Negation of Non-Verbal Predicates -- 11.1.Coordination -- 11.1.1.NP Coordination -- 11.1.2.Clause Coordination -- 11.1.2.1.Borrowing of the Arabic Conjunction w~u -- 11.1.2.2.Clause Coordination by Means of d -- 11.1.2.3.d as a Clause Coordinator only before NPs -- 11.1.3.Conjunction of Subordinate Clauses -- 11.1.4.Conclusions on Coordination -- 11.1.5.Disjunction -- 11.1.6.Adversative Conjunctions -- 11.1.7.General Assessment on Types of Coordination -- 11.2.Subordinating Conjunctions -- 11.2.1.The System of Temporal and Conditional Subordination -- 11.2.2.The Impact of Arabic -- 12.1.General Overview of the Systems --^ 12.2.The Difference between Relative Constructions with Definite Heads and Those with an Indefinite Head -- 12.3.The Use of Resumptive Pronouns in Non-Paratactic RCs -- 12.4.The Use of Special Elements Introducing RCs -- 12.4.1.Pronominal Elements as RC Markers -- 12.4.2.The Specialisation of One Specific Deictic Clitic to the Head for Signalling the Following RC -- 12.4.3.The Extension of Interrogative Markers to RC Contexts and other Pronominal Solutions -- 12.4.4.The Introduction of a Dedicated Relative Marker Through Grammaticalization or Otherwise -- 12.5.Conclusions -- 13.1.General Characteristics: Phonology -- 13.2.General Characteristics: Morphology -- 13.3.General Characteristics: Syntax -- 13.4.General Characteristics: Lexicon -- 13.5.Comparison of Borrowing in Different Berber Varieties -- 13.6.A Characterization of Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Berber -- 13.7.Arabic Influence on Berber and the Typology of Contact-Induced Change --^ 13.8.Arabic Borrowing in Berber and Language Mixing. by Maarten Kossmann, University of Leiden. Includes bibliographical references and index.