The Apoplast of Higher Plants: Compartment of Storage, Transport and Reactions : The significance of the apoplast for the mineral nutrition of higher Plants

This book summarizes the experimental work conducted during a trans-disciplinary research program conducted for six years by the German Research Foundation. Each chapter includes introductory remarks written by internationally recognized scientists in their research areas. Contributiing authors representing outstanding German scientists from such different disciplines as Physics, Biochemistry, Plant Nutrition, Botany, and Molecular Biology not only report original research but also review the state of knowledge in their fields of research. CONTENTS......Page 7 PREFACE......Page 11 FOREWORD: THE PLANT–LEAF APOPLAST......Page 13 THE PLANT–LEAF APOPLAST......Page 14 SECTION 1: CELL WALL–ION INTERACTIONS: SIGNIFICANCE FOR NUTRITION OF PLANTS AND THEIR STRESS TOLERANCE......Page 24 CELL WALL–ION INTERACTIONS......Page 25 BORON IN THE APOPLAST OF HIGHER PLANTS......Page 29 SILICON IN PLANT NUTRITION......Page 43 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ROOT APOPLAST FOR ALUMINIUM TOXICITY AND RESISTANCE OF MAIZE......Page 58 SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYAMINES FOR PECTIN-METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY AND THE ION DYNAMICS IN THE APOPLAST......Page 76 SECTION 2: THE ROOT APOPLAST – IMPLICATION FOR ION ACQUISITION AND SHORT-DISTANCE TRANSPORT......Page 93 THE APOPLAST: A KINETIC PERSPECTIVE......Page 94 THE APOPLAST OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL ROOTS – SITE OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND NUTRIENT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SYMBIOTIC PARTNERS......Page 104 CHEMICAL COMPOSITON OF APOPLASTIC TRANSPORT BARRIERS IN ROOTS......Page 116 APOPLASTIC WATER TRANSPORT IN ROOTS......Page 125 SECTION 3: ION UPTAKE FROM AND LOADING INTO THE APOPLAST: CHARACTERIZATION OF CHANNEL PROPERTIES AND RELEVANCE FOR THE NUTRITION OF PLANTS......Page 137 LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT IN PLANTS: TOWARDS ANALYSES OF REGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND CELL WALL IONIC ATMOSPHERE IN VASCULAR TISSUES......Page 138 THE ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN WOOD FORMATION OF POPLAR......Page 142 TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF ION CHANNELS AS INFLUENCED BY APOPLASTIC PROPERTIES......Page 155 ION UPTAKE FROM THE XYLEM INTO THE SYMPLASM OF THE MAIZE LEAF......Page 168 LOADING OF IONS INTO THE XYLEM OF THE ROOT......Page 184 SECTION 4: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE APOPLAST AS A COMPARTMENT FOR LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT......Page 204 NEW TOOLS TO EXPLORE THE APOPLAST......Page 205 ON-LINE MEASUREMENTS OF ION RELATIONS IN THE XYLEM SAP OF INTACT PLANTS......Page 208 DYNAMIC AND NUTRIENT FLUXES IN THE XYLEM......Page 222 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APOPLASTIC NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND THE LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS IN THE RICINUS COMMUNIS L. SEEDLING......Page 231 LONG-DISTANCE WATER TRANSPORT UNDER CONTROLLED TRANSPIRATIONAL CONDITIONS: MINIMAL-INVASIVE INVESTIGATIONS BY MEANS OF PRESSURE PROBES AND NMR IMAGING......Page 250 CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF THE XYLEM SAP AS WELL AS IN ION FLUXES IN POPULUS TREMULA X ALBA L. XYLEM IN DEPENDENCE ON EXOGENOUS FACTORS......Page 264 SECTION 5: ION RELATIONS IN THE APOPLAST OF LEAVES......Page 283 ION DYNAMICS IN THE APOPLAST OF LEAF CELLS......Page 284 PROBING APOPLASTIC ION RELATIONS IN VICIA FABA AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE......Page 291 THE ROLE OF THE LEAF APOPLAST IN MANGANESE TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. WALP)......Page 303 INTERACTION BETWEEN PHLOEM TRANSPORT AND APOPLASTIC SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 318 INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MECHANISMS OF LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT AND ION DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEAF APOPLAST OF VICIA FABA L.......Page 332 THE DYNAMICS OF IRON IN THE LEAF APOPLAST......Page 348 SELF-REPORTING ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA EXPRESSING pH- AND [CA[sup(2+)]]-INDICATORS UNVEIL APOPLASTIC ION DYNAMICS......Page 367 SECTION 6: THE APOPLAST COMPARTMENT FOR PLANT–MICROBE INTERACTIONS......Page 387 CONSTRAINTS FOR ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA......Page 388 THE APOPLAST OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES) NEEDLES AS HABITAT AND REACTION COMPARTMENT FOR AUTOTROPHIC NITRIFIERS......Page 397 THE RICE APOPLAST AS A HABITAT FOR ENDOPHYTIC N[sub(2)] -FIXING BACTERIA......Page 418 THE APOPLAST OF INDETERMINATE LEGUME NODULES: COMPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS, AMIDES AND SUGARS?......Page 435 G......Page 445 S......Page 446 X......Page 447 It was the botanist Ernst Münch, who separated the plant into two principal compartments, the "dead" apoplast and the living symplast. Only during the last 20 years cell walls attracted the interest of a broader group of plant scientists. We know today that apoplastic functions are much more diverse. The apoplast may be considered as "the internal physiological environment of plant bodies", that essentially maintains homeostasis. The term 'cell wall' may be misleading, since the chemical and physical properties of cell walls are not fixed but rapidly respond to environmental stimuli. This is why the term "extracellular matrix" may be more appropriate. The book summarizes the experimental work conducted during a trans-disciplinary research programme funded for six years by the German Research Foundation. In their contributions, the authors representing outstanding German scientists from such different disciplines as Physics, Biochemistry, Plant Nutrition, Botany, and Molecular Biology not only report original research but also review the state of knowledge in their particular research fields: nutrient acquisition, short and long distance (xylem) transport, tolerance of nutrient deficiencies and mineral toxicities, and the role of micro-organisms colonizing the apoplast. Introductory remarks are written to each of the chapters by internationally highly recognized scientists in their research areas