The Andean Wonder Drug : Cinchona Bark and Imperial Science in the Spanish Atlantic, 1630-1800

In the eighteenth century, malaria was a prevalent and deadly disease, and the only effective treatment was found in the Andean forests of Spanish America: a medicinal bark harvested from cinchona trees that would later give rise to the antimalarial drug quinine. In 1751, the Spanish Crown asserted control over the production and distribution of this medicament by establishing a royal reserve of “fever trees” in Quito. Through this pilot project, the Crown pursued a new vision of imperialism informed by science and invigorated through commerce. But ultimately this project failed, much like the broader imperial reforms that it represented. Drawing on extensive archival research, Matthew Crawford explains why, showing how indigenous healers, laborers, merchants, colonial officials, and creole elites contested European science and thwarted imperial reform by asserting their authority to speak for the natural world. __The Andean Wonder Drug__ uses the story of cinchona bark to demonstrate how the imperial politics of knowledge in the Spanish Atlantic ultimately undermined efforts to transform European science into a tool of empire. In The Eighteenth Century, Malaria Was A Prevalent And Deadly Disease, And The Only Effective Treatment Was Found In The Andean Forests Of Spanish America: A Medicinal Bark Harvested From Cinchona Trees That Would Later Give Rise To The Antimalarial Drug Quinine. In 1751, The Spanish Crown Asserted Control Over The Production And Distribution Of This Medicament By Establishing A Royal Reserve Of Fever Trees In Quito. Through This Pilot Project, The Crown Pursued A New Vision Of Imperialism Informed By Science And Invigorated Through Commerce. But Ultimately This Project Failed, Much Like The Broader Imperial Reforms That It Represented. Drawing On Extensive Archival Research, Matthew Crawford Explains Why, Showing How Indigenous Healers, Laborers, Merchants, Colonial Officials, And Creole Elites Contested European Science And Thwarted Imperial Reform By Asserting Their Authority To Speak For The Natural World. The Andean Wonder Drug Uses The Story Of Cinchona Bark To Demonstrate How The Imperial Politics Of Knowledge In The Spanish Atlantic Ultimately Undermined Efforts To Transform European Science Into A Tool Of Empire-- In The Eighteenth Century, Malaria Was A Prevalent And Deadly Disease, And The Only Effective Treatment Was Found In The Andean Forests Of Spanish America: A Medicinal Bark Harvested From Cinchona Trees That Would Later Give Rise To The Antimalarial Drug Quinine. The Andean Wonder Drug Uses The Story Of Cinchona Bark To Demonstrate How The Imperial Politics Of Knowledge In The Spanish Atlantic Ultimately Undermined Efforts To Transform European Science Into A Tool Of Empire-- Matthew James Crawford. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 253-274) And Index. "An expanded and updated edition of a strong-selling Reiki classic from Penelope Quest, an internationally renowned authority on this increasingly popular energy healing practice. Penelope Quest is world-renowned for her skills as a teacher and practitioner of Reiki. Now her seminal guide, originally written in 2010, has been fully updated and includes teachings from American Reiki Master William Lee Rand, who recently developed a new form of Reiki called Holy Fire Reiki. An exciting and comprehensive handbook, REIKI FOR LIFE contains everything readers need to know about the healing art of Reiki, including basic routines, details about the power and potential of each level, special techniques for enhancing Reiki practice, and helpful direction on the use of Reiki toward spiritual growth. Quest also compares the origins and development of Reiki in the West and the East, revealing methods specific to the original Japanese Reiki tradition. Suitable for beginners, experienced practitioners, and teachers alike, this book: -Explains what Reiki is and how it works.-Gives detailed instruction in First and Second Degree techniques.-Illustrates how to perform Reiki on yourself, as well as on others.-Advises on how to become a Reiki Master/teacher.-Includes special advanced methods for working with Reiki. Complete with illustrations and a useful section of resources, REIKI FOR LIFE is a must-have for the tens of thousands of Western seekers anxious to learn about this fast-growing healing practice"-- Provided by publisher Le rabat de la jaquette indique : "In the eighteenth century, malaria was a prevalent and deadly disease, and the only effective treatment was found in the Andean forests of Spanish America: a medicinal bark harvested from cinchona trees that would later give rise to the antimalarial drug quinine. In 1751, the Spanish Crown asserted control over the production and distribution of this medicament by establishing a royal reserve of "fever trees" in Quito. Through this pilot project, the Crown pursued a new vision of imperialism informed by science and invigorated through commerce. But ultimately this project failed, much like the broader imperial reforms that it represented. Drawing on extensive archival research, Matthew Crawford explains why, showing how indigenous healers, laborers, merchants, colonial officials, and creole elites contested European science and thwarted imperial reform by asserting their authority to speak for the natural world. The Andean Wonder Drug uses the story of cinchona bark to demonstrate how the imperial politics of knowledge in the Spanish Atlantic ultimately undermined efforts to transform European science into a tool of empire." "In the eighteenth century, malaria was a prevalent and deadly disease, and the only effective treatment was found in the Andean forests of Spanish America: a medicinal bark harvested from cinchona trees that would later give rise to the antimalarial drug quinine. In 1751, the Spanish Crown asserted control over the production and distribution of this medicament by establishing a royal reserve of "fever trees" in Quito. Through this pilot project, the Crown pursued a new vision of imperialism informed by science and invigorated through commerce. But ultimately this project failed, much like the broader imperial reforms that it represented. Drawing on extensive archival research, Matthew Crawford explains why, showing how indigenous healers, laborers, merchants, colonial officials, and creole elites contested European science and thwarted imperial reform by asserting their authority to speak for the natural world. The Andean Wonder Drug uses the story of cinchona bark to demonstrate how the imperial politics of knowledge in the Spanish Atlantic ultimately undermined efforts to transform European science into a tool of empire"-- Provided by publisher