The American Synthetic Organic Chemicals Industry : War and Politics, 1910-1930

Prior To 1914, Germany Dominated The Worldwide Production Of Synthetic Organic Dyes And Pharmaceuticals Like Aspirin. When World War I Disrupted The Supply Of German Chemicals To The United States, American Entrepreneurs Responded To The Shortages And High Prices By Trying To Manufacture Chemicals Domestically. Learning The Complex Science And Industry, However, Posed A Serious Challenge. This Book Explains How The United States Built A Synthetic Organic Chemicals Industry In World War I And The 1920s. Kathryn Steen Argues That Americans' Intense Anti-german Sentiment In World War I Helped To Forge A Concentrated Effort Among Firms, The Federal Government, And Universities To Make The United States Independent Of Foreign Chemicals.-- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Before The War -- German-u.s. Trade In Chemicals -- German Dyes Industry -- U.s. Dyes Market And Manufacturers -- 2. American Manufacturers, German Chemicals -- Dyes And Pharmaceuticals, 1914-1918 -- American Importers Of German Chemicals -- Domestic Manufacturers -- Trade Associations: Adma And Adi -- 3. Mobilization -- Synthetic Organic Chemicals In War, 1914-1918 -- The Explosives Industry Mobilizes -- Mobilizing War Gases -- 4. Ideology And Institutions -- American Chemists Respond, 1914-1918 -- Nationalism And Internationalism -- Nationalism And The American Chemical Society -- Nationalism And The Universities -- 5. Xenophobia, Tariffs, And Confiscation, 1914-1918 -- The Tariff Fight -- The Trading With The Enemy Act -- The Federal Trade Commission And The Salvarsan Patents -- Alien Property Custodian -- 6. Surviving The Peace -- Economic War, 1919-1922 -- The Chemical Foundation, Inc -- The Treaty Of Versailles And Chemical Reparations -- Tariff And Monopoly -- 7. Customs, Courts, And Claims -- The Industry And The Law 1922-1930 -- Tariff Administration And The Department Of Commerce -- Usa V. The Chemical Foundation, Inc. -- War Claims -- 8. An American Industry, 1919-1930 -- German Industry -- National Aniline & Chemical Company/allied Dye & Chemical Corporation -- E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company -- Dow Chemical Company -- Union Carbide & Chemical Company -- Bakelite Corporation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index. Kathryn Steen. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Before the War -- German-U.S. Trade in Chemicals -- German Dyes Industry -- U.S. Dyes Market and Manufacturers -- 2 American Manufacturers, German Chemicals: Dyes and Pharmaceuticals, 1914-1918 -- American Importers of German Chemicals -- Domestic Manufacturers -- Trade Associations: ADMA and ADI -- 3 Mobilization: Synthetic Organic Chemicals in War, 1914-1918 -- The Explosives Industry Mobilizes -- Mobilizing War Gases -- 4 Ideology and Institutions: American Chemists Respond, 1914-1918 -- Nationalism and Internationalism -- Nationalism and the American Chemical Society -- Nationalism and the Universities -- 5 Xenophobia, Tariffs, and Confiscation, 1914-1918 -- The Tariff Fight -- The Trading with the Enemy Act -- The Federal Trade Commission and the Salvarsan Patents -- Alien Property Custodian -- 6 Surviving the Peace: Economic War, 1919-1922 -- The Chemical Foundation, Inc. -- The Treaty of Versailles and Chemical Reparations -- Tariff and Monopoly -- 7 Customs, Courts, and Claims: The Industry and the Law, 1922-1930 -- Tariff Administration and the Department of Commerce -- USA v. The Chemical Foundation, Inc. -- War Claims -- 8 An "American" Industry, 1919-1930 -- German Industry -- National Aniline & Chemical Company/Allied Dye & Chemical Corporation -- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company -- Dow Chemical Company -- Union Carbide & Chemical Company -- Bakelite Corporation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z Prior to 1914, Germany dominated the worldwide production of synthetic organic dyes and pharmaceuticals like aspirin. When World War I disrupted the supply of German chemicals to the United States, American entrepreneurs responded to the shortages and high prices by trying to manufacture chemicals domestically. Learning the complex science and industry, however, posed a serious challenge. This book explains how the United States built a synthetic organic chemicals industry in World War I and the 1920s. Kathryn Steen argues that Americans' intense anti-German sentiment in World War I helped to forge a concentrated effort among firms, the federal government, and universities to make the United States independent of "foreign chemicals." Besides mobilization efforts to make high explosives and war gases, federal policies included protective tariffs, gathering and publishing market information, and, most dramatically, confiscation of German-owned chemical subsidiaries and patents. Meanwhile, firms and universities worked hard to develop scientific and manufacturing expertise. Against a backdrop of hostilities and intrigue, Steen shows how chemicals were deeply entwined with national and international politics and policy during the war and subsequent isolationism of the turbulent early twentieth century. "Prior to 1914, Germany dominated the worldwide production of synthetic organic dyes and pharmaceuticals like aspirin. When World War I disrupted the supply of German chemicals to the United States, American entrepreneurs responded to the shortages and high prices by trying to manufacture chemicals domestically. Learning the complex science and industry, however, posed a serious challenge. This book explains how the United States built a synthetic organic chemicals industry in World War I and the 1920s. Kathryn Steen argues that Americans' intense anti-German sentiment in World War I helped to forge a concentrated effort among firms, the federal government, and universities to make the United States independent of "foreign chemicals.""-- Résumé de l'éditeur