The American Society of International Law's First Century: 1906 - 2006

From the historic launch of the organization by such luminaries as Elihu Root and Charles Evans Hughes, to the recent era when international law is more and more in the public realm, Kirgis's book traces the evolution of the organization and its relationship to events in the United States and around the world. As he says in the preface: ' ... In the end, the reader will have to make his/her own judgment about how well the Society has run the course it set out for itself in 1906. I hope this book will provide a basis for that judgment. And of course no judgment at this stage can be final. The American Society of International Law will carry on into its second century with new and continuing programs that take into account what it has done in its first one hundred years. It will continue to do its best to demonstrate not only what international law is or should be, but also that, in the words of former ASIL President Louis Henkin, international law matters.' 9004150684......Page 1 FOREWORD......Page 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 24 PREFACE......Page 28 1. The Peace Movement at the Turn of the Twentieth Century......Page 30 2. The Birth of the American Society of International Law......Page 35 3. The Original Goals in Retrospect......Page 46 INDEX......Page 634 1. The Early Annual Meetings......Page 47 3. The American Journal of International Law Takes Shape......Page 53 1. Attaining Maturity......Page 57 2. The Codification Project......Page 59 3. The Arbitration Dream and the Real World......Page 62 4. James Brown Scott’s Flair......Page 64 5. The Society’s Operations During the Gathering Storm......Page 66 6. Early Society Efforts to Bolster the Teaching of International Law......Page 68 7. Members and Their Participation......Page 73 8. Annual Meetings in the Years Leading to U.S. Entry into World War I......Page 75 9. The Journal in the Pre-World War I Years......Page 78 1. The Society Off Balance......Page 84 2. The Society and the Post-War Ordering System......Page 88 B. THE SOCIETY AND THE PERMANENT COURT......Page 96 1. Male and Female......Page 101 2. Seeking Turnover in the Executive Council’s Membership......Page 102 4. Helping Out the League of Nations Treaty Series......Page 103 1. The Journal’s Focus in the Wake of World War I......Page 104 2. Authors and Editors......Page 106 3. Editorial Comments and Editorial Policy......Page 107 4. Referees......Page 110 E. THE END OF AN ERA......Page 111 1. Hughes and Finch in Place of Root and Scott......Page 114 2. Amending the Society’s Constitution......Page 116 3. Germination of the Regional Meetings Idea......Page 117 4. The Passing of a Vital Charter Member......Page 118 1. Codification Efforts......Page 119 2. Research Limitations......Page 125 3. The 1925 Conference of Teachers of International Law......Page 126 4. The Quest for Access to Documents of State......Page 129 5. The 1928 Conference of Teachers of International Law......Page 130 6. More Attention to Turnover in the Executive Council......Page 131 C. THE SOCIETY AND THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT......Page 132 1. Substantive Discussions......Page 133 2. To Take or Not to Take Positions on Current Issues?......Page 138 3. Meeting Divergent Goals......Page 140 5. Scheduling Around Meetings of Other Organizations......Page 141 6. The Length of an Annual Meeting......Page 142 7. White House Receptions......Page 143 1. Some Policy Changes......Page 144 2. Substantive Coverage......Page 145 3. Editorial Practices......Page 146 F. THE SOCIETY’S DIRECTION AT THE END OF THE TWENTIES......Page 147 1. James Brown Scott, President of the Society......Page 150 2. The Transition to a New President......Page 152 3. The Executive Council and the Body of Officers: Diversity, Turnover and Structure......Page 153 4. Opening Doors in the Society for Young Members......Page 157 5. Selection of Honorary Members......Page 158 6. Continuing the Effort to Get Access to Documents of State......Page 159 7. A Newcomer on the Block: the American Bar Association’s International Law Section......Page 160 8. The Struggle to Maintain the Society’s Membership During the Depression......Page 161 10. To Incorporate or Not to Incorporate?......Page 162 B. THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY......Page 163 1. Divergent Goals Revisited......Page 166 2. The Ongoing Pursuit of Prominent Annual Dinner Speakers......Page 169 4. The Venue of Annual Meetings......Page 170 D. THE EXPANDING ROLE OF WOMEN......Page 171 1. The Board of Editors and its Functions......Page 172 2. Relations Between the Board of Editors and the Society as a Whole......Page 173 3. Editorial Policies......Page 174 4. Some Matters of Substance......Page 175 5. The Journal’s Impact......Page 178 6. The Plan to Publish Municipal Decisions in Supplements to the Journal......Page 180 7. Ensuring Accuracy of Documents Published in the Supplement......Page 181 8. The Journal’s Tribute to German International Law Professors Dismissed from Their Academic Positions......Page 182 F. THE SOCIETY’S DEVELOPMENT DURING HARD TIMES......Page 183 1. Cordell Hull, Secretary of State and President of the Society......Page 186 2. A Practicing Lawyer Takes Over......Page 188 3. Administrative Turnover......Page 189 4. James Brown Scott, in Memoriam......Page 190 5. Criteria for Election to the Executive Council......Page 191 6. The Society Recommends a Framework for an International Ordering System......Page 192 7. Annual Meetings in a Time of World Crisis......Page 194 9. Maintaining the Flow of State Department Publications......Page 200 B. “THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE FUTURE” AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE UNITED NATIONS......Page 201 1. Patriotism Versus Critical Expression......Page 205 2. A Focus on Neutrality, War and Beyond......Page 206 3. The Managing Editor and the Editor-in-Chief......Page 209 4. Governing the Pre-Eminent International Law Journal......Page 210 6. Fluctuations in State Department Interest......Page 212 7. An Encomium for the Journal......Page 213 D. THE SOCIETY AT WAR’S END......Page 214 1. A “Scientific” Society of International Law......Page 216 2. Worldly Scholars as Presidents......Page 217 3. Membership, Finances and Public Relations......Page 219 4. Taking a Position on an Article 36(2) Declaration......Page 221 5. More Attempts to Have the Society Take a Position......Page 222 6. Post-War Annual Meetings......Page 225 7. The Regional Meeting Idea Realized......Page 229 8. The Society and the State Department......Page 231 10. New Administrative Arrangements......Page 232 12. An Annual Award for International Law Scholarship......Page 233 13. More Constitutional Amendments......Page 234 14. Downsizing......Page 235 15. The Society Becomes a Corporation......Page 236 2. Finding the Society’s Role with Respect to the U.N.......Page 238 1. Some Changes in Personnel......Page 243 2. Principal Topics......Page 244 3. Book Reviews......Page 245 4. The Supplements......Page 246 5. A Recommendation for Changes in the Journal......Page 247 6. Changes Adopted......Page 248 D. MOVING TENTATIVELY INTO THE COLDWARWORLD......Page 249 1. The Model as it Then Was......Page 252 2. Opportunities to Provide Expertise......Page 253 3. Projects and the Need for Funds to Undertake Them......Page 254 4. The Continuing Focus on the U.N. and the I.C.J.......Page 257 5. Membership and Finances, Continued......Page 260 6. Officers and Their Terms of Office......Page 261 7. Composition of the Executive Council......Page 264 8. The President of the Society and Positions on Substantive Issues......Page 265 9. Growing Pains in the Effort to Recognize Exemplary Scholarship......Page 267 10. The Hudson Medal......Page 268 11. The Regional Meetings Program Comes of Age......Page 269 12. Advising the United Nations and the State Department on Their Publications......Page 270 15. The Passing of George Finch and Manley Hudson......Page 272 1. Broadening the Program......Page 274 2. The Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting......Page 275 3. Some Highlights......Page 276 1. More Changes in the Board of Editors......Page 280 3. Noteworthy Articles and Comments......Page 282 4. Official Documents......Page 286 1. The Turlington Committee Report......Page 287 3. Tillar House and Plans for the Future......Page 288 1. An Executive Director......Page 308 2. Defining the New Program and Beginning to Pay for it......Page 310 4. Starting to Build a Library......Page 313 6. The Breakthrough: A USD 500,000 Ford Foundation Grant......Page 314 7. The Burdens of Land Ownership......Page 315 8. Expanding Horizons Beyond “Pure” Public International Law......Page 316 9. The Birth of International Legal Materials......Page 318 10. Richard Baxter and Student International Law Groups......Page 320 11. Establishing Contacts with Other Organizations......Page 321 12. Amending the Constitution and Adopting New OrganizationalPractices......Page 322 13. The Board of Review and Development Emerges......Page 323 1. Awarding Research Fellowships......Page 326 2. Carrying out the Study Programs......Page 327 3. Conferences of Legal Advisers......Page 329 4. I.L.M. Quickly Comes of Age......Page 330 5. The Association of Student International Law Societies Takes Hold......Page 331 6. Efforts to Strengthen the Teaching of International Law......Page 334 8. More Major Foundation Grants and Other Significant Contributions......Page 336 1. The Role of International Law in Shaping Foreign Policy......Page 338 2. Taking Positions on Matters of Policy......Page 340 3. Meetings, Regional and Otherwise......Page 342 4. Annual Meetings in a Time of Increasing National Stress......Page 343 7. Some Noteworthy Society Elections......Page 345 1. The Board of Editors......Page 346 2. Prominent Articles and Comments......Page 347 3. Covering International Economic Law......Page 351 E. THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR RESIGNS (TWICE)......Page 352 1. The Second Executive Director......Page 354 2. Terms of Employment at the Top......Page 355 3. Staff Changes During the Schwebel Years......Page 356 4. Electing Officers......Page 358 5. Governing the Society......Page 359 7. Tillar House, Vietnam and the Cold War......Page 360 8. Investing with a Conscience......Page 361 9. The Library’s Growth......Page 362 10. Examining the Role of Women in the Society......Page 363 11. Attempting to Sensitize the Cosmos Club......Page 364 12. Developing the Relationship with Students and Young Professionals......Page 365 13. Changes in the Newsletter......Page 368 15. A Leave of Absence, Musical Chairs and the Resignation of the Executive Director......Page 369 1. The Board of Review and Development in Full Swing......Page 370 3. More Grants and Their Progeny......Page 377 4. Solidifying International Legal Materials......Page 380 5. Programs on Vietnam and Cambodia......Page 381 6. Keeping up with International Economic Law......Page 384 7. Participation in Nominating Candidates for the International Court of Justice......Page 385 9. The Role of Women in International Law......Page 386 10. Co-sponsoring Programs Developed by Other Institutions......Page 387 12. President Lasswell’s Valedictory......Page 388 C. A PROFILE OF THE MEMBERSHIP......Page 390 D. THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THESOCIETY......Page 391 1. Newsworthiness......Page 394 3. A Theme Revisited: Taking Positions......Page 396 4. Attempting to Loosen Things Up......Page 397 6. Co-sponsoring Panels with Other Institutions......Page 398 9. Strengthening the Regional Meetings Program......Page 399 1. A New Editor-in-Chief and an Assistant Editor......Page 400 3. International Law in the Twentieth Century......Page 401 5. Some Other Memorable Articles......Page 402 G. AN ORGANIZATION ROOT AND SCOTT BARELY WOULD HAVE RECOGNIZED......Page 405 1. A New Executive Director......Page 408 2. Expiring Grants and Economy Measures......Page 409 3. The Seventy-fifth Anniversary Fund......Page 413 4. The Question That Hardly Ever Disappears: Taking Positions on Substantive Issues......Page 414 6. Redefining the Role of the Executive Committee......Page 418 7. Disquiet about Governance: Rubin v. Rubin......Page 419 8. Discontent Regarding the Board of Review and Development......Page 421 9. Interest Groups Arrive on the Scene......Page 422 10. The Ad Hoc Committee on the Structure of the Society......Page 424 11. The Committee on the Future of the Society......Page 425 12. Tensions between the Society and A.S.I.L.S.......Page 426 1. Significant Regional Meetings......Page 428 2. Corporate Consultations......Page 429 3. Innovations in the Annual Meetings......Page 430 4. The Seventy-fifth Anniversary Convocation......Page 431 5. A Newsworthy Annual Meeting......Page 433 7. The Jessup Competition, A.S.I.L.S. and the A.S.I.L.......Page 434 8. Accelerating the Publications Program......Page 437 10. I.L.M.’s Steady Progress......Page 439 1. Editors-in-Chief......Page 440 2. More Ferment About Inbreeding in the Board......Page 441 6. Noteworthy Articles and Comments......Page 442 1. Selecting the Fourth Executive Director......Page 444 2. A Job Description......Page 445 E. THE SOCIETY’S IMPACT ON EVENTS, POLICIES AND THE ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION......Page 446 1. Larry Hargrove’s Initial Goals......Page 450 2. Money Matters......Page 451 4. Continuing Efforts to Increase Membership......Page 452 6. The Passing of Philip Jessup......Page 453 1. Responses to U.S. Unilateralism......Page 455 2. A Potpourri of Projects......Page 459 3. Still on the Agenda in a Time of U.S. Unilateralism: Whether to Take Substantive Positions......Page 465 4. Disinvestment in South Africa......Page 467 5. Annual Meetings in Washington and Elsewhere......Page 468 6. Interest Groups and Annual Meetings......Page 471 9. Biennial Meetings with the Netherlands Society of International Law......Page 472 11. A Survey of International Law Teaching......Page 473 14. A Change in the Annual Awards......Page 475 16. A Change at the Helm of the Society......Page 476 17. Larry Hargrove’s Valedictory......Page 477 1. The New Structure......Page 478 2. New Programs and Products......Page 479 3. The A.S.I.L.–I.L.S.A. Relationship......Page 480 2. Honorary Editor Status......Page 481 4. Corresponding Editors......Page 482 6. Foreign Affairs and the Constitution......Page 483 7. Analyzing the Legal Issues of the Day......Page 484 E. AN EXTERNAL EVALUATION OF THE SOCIETY......Page 486 1. An Outspoken President......Page 490 3. An Ambitious Outreach Program......Page 492 4. A Regional Network......Page 494 1. The First Female Executive Director......Page 495 2. The Second Female President......Page 496 3. A New Ford Grant and a Structured Outreach Program......Page 497 4. More Outreach: Publications, Radio Programs, the World Wide Web and a Video Course......Page 498 5. Internationalizing the Society......Page 499 7. New Fund-raising Efforts......Page 501 1. Honorary Vice Presidents and Counsellors......Page 502 2. The Executive Committee and President-Elect......Page 503 5. The Omnipresent Membership Question......Page 504 7. Re-examining the Society’s Contributions to International Economic Law......Page 505 8. Published Studies......Page 506 9. The Demise of the Board of Review and Development, and the Rise of the Committee on Research......Page 509 10. Interest Groups, New and Old......Page 510 11. Departures from Tradition at Annual Meetings......Page 512 12. Taking Substantive Positions, Revisited......Page 514 13. A New A.S.I.L.–I.L.S.A. Relationship......Page 515 14. A Workshop with the Association of American Law Schools......Page 516 16. The Library Modernizes......Page 517 1. Changes in Composition and Selection of Board Members......Page 518 2. Co-Editors-in-Chief, Again......Page 519 3. Predominant Themes and Small Changes......Page 520 1. The Short Range......Page 522 2. A Longer-Range View......Page 523 1. Getting Organized......Page 526 3. The Panel on State Responsibility......Page 527 4. Briefings, Presentations and Workshops......Page 528 5. Energizing the Program......Page 529 6. Electronic Outreach: International Law in Brief, JSTOR and the Web Site......Page 532 B. STRENGTHENING THE SOCIETY’S COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS......Page 535 1. New Governing Instruments......Page 537 1. The Campaign Takes Shape......Page 540 2. Tillar House Takes Center Stage......Page 543 3. The Campaign in the Home Stretch......Page 544 1. Annual Meetings in the Late 1990s......Page 546 3. It’s Never Over, Part Two......Page 549 5. The Newsletter Adds Substance......Page 550 7. The Youth Movement......Page 552 F. A NEW ERA FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MATERIALS......Page 553 2. Marshaling Scholarly Minds......Page 554 4. Adding Substance to Venerable Departments......Page 556 H. THE SOCIETY AT THE END OF THE MILLENNIUM......Page 557 1. The Existing International Order Disrupted......Page 560 2. The Society’s Input......Page 565 1. The New Infrastructure and Its Uses......Page 574 2. New Formats and Services......Page 575 3. Intensified Judicial Outreach......Page 577 4. Media Outreach......Page 579 5. Outreach to Congress......Page 580 6. Proposed Outreach to the Military and to Government Lawyers......Page 581 7. Outreach to Students and Young Professionals......Page 582 8. New Emphasis on Public Programs, Workshops and Conferences......Page 583 10. Transformation Within: Interest Groups Revisited......Page 585 11. Transformation Within: Women in Multiple Leadership Roles......Page 588 1. The Executive Directorship at the End of an Era......Page 589 2. It’s Never Over, Redux......Page 590 4. Human Rights and the Society’s Portfolio......Page 592 5. Consolidating the Awards Committees......Page 593 7. Not Forgotten in the Electronic Era: Publications......Page 594 1. Supreme Court Justices and a Secretary of State at the Podium......Page 595 2. New or Revived Ways of Addressing Current Issues......Page 597 1. The Passing of an Incumbent and a Former Editor-in-Chief......Page 599 2. Editors-in-Chief Designate and the Outgoing Editor-in-Chief......Page 600 4. Foreign Non-voting Editors, Revisited......Page 601 5. Twenty-first Century Themes......Page 602 1. The Centennial Presidents......Page 605 3. The Centennial Annual Meeting......Page 606 4. The Centennial Publications......Page 607 5. Internationalizing the Centennial......Page 608 7. One Hundred Ways International Law Shapes Our Lives......Page 609 G. LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD......Page 610 Appendix A THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 614 Appendix B PROSPECTUS (1906)......Page 618 Appendix C ASIL PRESIDENTS......Page 620 Appendix D MANLEY O. HUDSON MEDAL RECIPIENTS......Page 622 Appendix E CERTIFICATE OF MERIT RECIPIENTS......Page 624 Appendix F GOLER T. BUTCHER MEDAL RECIPIENTS......Page 630 Appendix G HONORARY MEMBERS......Page 632 From The Historic Launch Of The Organization By Such Luminaries As Elihu Root And Charles Evans Hughes, To The Recent Era When International Law Is More And More In The Public Realm, Frederic Kirgis's Book Traces The Evolution Of The Organization And Its Relationship To Events In The United States And Around The World.--book Jacket. 1. The Formative Years -- 2. Adapting To A New World -- 3. Looking Forward In The Twenties -- 4. The Years Leading To World War Ii -- 5. War Years Again -- 6. The Immediate Post-war Years -- 7. The Society In The Fifties -- 8. A New Beginning -- 9. Building On The New Fourdation In A Time Of National Turmoil -- 10. A Change Of Emphasis -- 11. Persevering During Lean Years -- 12. An External Focus At The End Of The Cold War -- 13. Infrastructure For Expanded Outreach -- 14. Approaching And Celebrating The Centennial Frederic L. Kirgis. At Head Of Title: American Society Of International Law. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.