قول آمریکایی، جلد اول: تا ۱۸۷۷: تاریخ ایالات متحده

The American Promise is more teachable and memorable than any other U.S. survey text. The balanced narrative braids together political and social history so that students can discern overarching trends as well as individual stories . The voices of hundreds of Americans — from Presidents to pipefitters, and sharecroppers to suffragettes — animate the past and make concepts memorable. The past comes alive for students through dynamic special features and a stunning and distinctive visual program. Over 775 contemporaneous illustrations — more than any competing text — draw students into the text, and more than 180 full-color maps increase students’ geographic literacy. A rich array of special features complements the narrative, offering more points of departure for assignments and discussion. Longstanding favorites include Documenting the American Promise , Historical Questions , The Promise of Technology , and Beyond America’s Borders, representing a key part of our effort to increase attention paid to the global context of American history. Cover Page ......Page 0 REVIEW AFTER YOU READ......Page 3 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 7 Maps, Figures, and Tables......Page 19 Special Features......Page 22 Preface......Page 24 Features......Page 25 Textual Changes......Page 26 Print Resources......Page 27 New Media Resources......Page 29 Acknowledgments......Page 30 About the Authors......Page 32 CONTENTS......Page 9 OPENING VIGNETTE: Archaeological discovery proves that humans have inhabited America for more than 10,000 years......Page 37 Archaeology and History......Page 38 The First Americans......Page 39 African and Asian Origins......Page 40 Paleo-Indian Hunters......Page 44 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: Nature’s Immigrants......Page 42 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers......Page 45 Great Plains Bison Hunters......Page 46 Pacific Coast Cultures......Page 47 Eastern Woodland Cultures......Page 50 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Who Were the First Americans?......Page 48 Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms......Page 51 Southwestern Cultures......Page 52 Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms......Page 54 Native Americans in the 1490s......Page 56 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Ancient American Weaving......Page 60 The Mexica: A Meso-American Culture......Page 62 Selected Bibliography......Page 64 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 66 OPENING VIGNETTE: Queen Isabella of Spain supports Christopher Columbus’s risky planto sail west across the Atlantic......Page 69 Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion......Page 71 A Century of Portuguese Exploration......Page 73 A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic......Page 74 The Explorations of Columbus......Page 75 The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange......Page 76 The Conquest of Mexico......Page 80 The Search for Other Mexicos......Page 82 New Spain in the Sixteenth Century......Page 86 Spanish Outposts in Florida and New Mexico......Page 94 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Why Did Cortés Win?......Page 84 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Justifying Conquest......Page 88 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Spreading Christianity in New Spain......Page 92 New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions......Page 96 Europe and the Spanish Example......Page 97 Conclusion: The Promise of the New World for Europeans......Page 98 Selected Bibliography......Page 99 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 100 OPENING VIGNETTE: Pocahontas “rescues” John Smith......Page 103 An English Colony on the Chesapeake......Page 105 The Fragile Jamestown Settlement......Page 106 Cooperation and Conflict between Natives and Newcomers......Page 107 From Private Company to Royal Government......Page 109 Tobacco Agriculture......Page 111 A Servant Labor System......Page 112 Cultivating Land and Faith......Page 120 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: American Tobacco and European Consumers......Page 114 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Virginia Laws Governing Servants and Slaves......Page 118 Social and Economic Polarization......Page 121 Bacon’s Rebellion......Page 124 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Why Did English Colonists Consider Themselves Superior to Indians and Africans?......Page 122 Religion and Revolt in the Spanish Borderland......Page 126 The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery......Page 128 Carolina: A West Indian Frontier......Page 129 Slave Labor Emerges in the Chesapeake......Page 131 GLOBAL COMPARISON: Migration to the New Worldfrom Europe and Africa......Page 130 Selected Bibliography......Page 132 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 134 OPENING VIGNETTE: Roger Williams is banished from Puritan Massachusetts......Page 137 Puritan Origins: The English Reformation......Page 139 The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony......Page 141 The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony......Page 142 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: King Philip Considers Christianity......Page 144 The Evolution of New England Society......Page 146 Church, Covenant, and Conformity......Page 147 Government by Puritans for Puritanism......Page 149 The Splintering of Puritanism......Page 150 Religious Controversies and Economic Changes......Page 151 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Why Were Some New Englanders Accused of Being Witches?......Page 156 From New Netherland to New York......Page 154 Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania......Page 158 The Colonies and the English Empire......Page 160 King Philip’s War and the Consolidation of Royal Authority......Page 161 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: New France and the Indians: The British Colonies’Northern Borderlands......Page 164 Selected Bibliography......Page 166 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 168 OPENING VIGNETTE: The Robin Johns experience horrific turns of fortune in the Atlantic slave trade......Page 171 A Growing Population and Expanding Economy in British North America......Page 172 Natural Increase and Land Distribution......Page 174 Farms, Fish, and Atlantic Trade......Page 175 The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work......Page 176 German and Scots-Irish Immigrants......Page 177 Pennsylvania: “The Best Poor [White] Man’s Country”......Page 181 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: A Sailor’s Life in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World......Page 178 The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery......Page 185 Slave Labor and African American Culture......Page 189 Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity......Page 190 Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival......Page 192 Borderlands and Colonial Politics in the British Empire......Page 197 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Newspapers: “The Spring of Knowledge”......Page 194 GLOBAL COMPARISON: Large Warships in European Navies, 1660–1760......Page 198 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Missionaries Report on California Missions......Page 202 Selected Bibliography......Page 204 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 206 OPENING VIGNETTE: Loyalist governor ThomasHutchinson stands his ground in radical Massachusetts......Page 209 The Seven Years’ War, 1754–1763......Page 210 French-British Rivalry in the Ohio Country......Page 211 The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense......Page 213 The War and Its Consequences......Page 214 British Leadership, Pontiac’s Uprising, and the Proclamation of 1763......Page 216 HISTORICAL QUESTION: How Long Did the Seven Years’ War Last in Indian Country?......Page 218 The Sugar and Stamp Acts, 1763–1765......Page 220 Grenville’s Sugar Act......Page 12 Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics......Page 221 Liberty and Property......Page 226 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Pursuing Liberty, Protesting Tyranny......Page 224 The Townshend Duties......Page 227 Nonconsumption and the Daughters of Liberty......Page 228 The Calm before the Storm......Page 231 Tea in Boston Harbor......Page 232 The Coercive Acts......Page 233 Beyond Boston: Rural Massachusetts......Page 234 The First Continental Congress......Page 235 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: How News of the Powder Alarm Traveled......Page 236 Lexington and Concord......Page 238 Rebelling against Slavery......Page 240 Conclusion: How Far Does Liberty Go?......Page 241 Selected Bibliography......Page 242 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 244 OPENING VIGNETTE: Deborah Sampson masquerades as a man to join the Continental army......Page 247 Assuming Political and Military Authority......Page 249 Pursuing Both War and Peace......Page 252 Thomas Paine, Abigail Adams, and the Case for Independence......Page 254 The Declaration of Independence......Page 255 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Arming the Soldiers: Muskets and Rifles......Page 250 The First Year of War, 1775–1776......Page 256 The American Military Forces......Page 257 Quebec, New York, and New Jersey......Page 259 GLOBAL COMPARISON: How Tall Were Eighteenth-Century Men on Average?......Page 258 The Home Front......Page 262 The Loyalists......Page 263 Who Is a Traitor?......Page 267 Burgoyne’s Army and the Battle of Saratoga......Page 270 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: Prisoners of Warin the Eighteenth Century......Page 264 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Families Divide over the Revolution......Page 268 The War in the West: Indian Country......Page 273 The French Alliance......Page 274 The Other Southern War: Guerrillas......Page 275 Surrender at Yorktown......Page 277 The Losers and the Winners......Page 278 Conclusion: Why the British Lost......Page 280 Selected Bibliography......Page 281 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 282 OPENING VIGNETTE: James Madison comes of agein the midst of revolution......Page 285 The Articles of Confederation......Page 286 Congress, Confederation, and the Problem of Western Lands......Page 287 The State Constitutions......Page 289 Who Are “the People”?......Page 290 Equality and Slavery......Page 292 Legal Changes to Slavery, 1777–1804......Page 293 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: A Slave Sues for Her Freedom......Page 294 The Confederation’s Problems......Page 296 Financial Chaos and Paper Money......Page 297 The Treaty of Fort Stanwix......Page 298 Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory......Page 299 Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787......Page 303 From Annapolis to Philadelphia......Page 305 Virginia and New Jersey Plans......Page 308 Ratification of the Constitution......Page 309 The Federalists......Page 310 The Antifederalists......Page 311 The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York......Page 312 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Was the New United States a Christian Country?......Page 314 Selected Bibliography......Page 316 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 318 OPENING VIGNETTE: Brilliant and brash, Alexander Hamilton becomes a polarizing figurein the 1790s......Page 321 Washington Inaugurates the Government......Page 323 The Bill of Rights......Page 324 The Republican Wife and Mother......Page 325 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: France, Britain, and Woman’s Rights in the 1790s......Page 326 Agriculture, Transportation, and Banking......Page 328 The Public Debt and Taxes......Page 329 The First Bank of the United States and the Reporton Manufactures......Page 332 The Whiskey Rebellion......Page 333 GLOBAL COMPARISON: National Census Taking Worldwide......Page 331 HISTORICAL QUESTION: How Did Washington, D.C.,Become the Federal Capital?......Page 334 To the West: The Indians......Page 336 Across the Atlantic: France and Britain......Page 340 To the South: The Haitian Revolution......Page 343 The Election of 1796......Page 344 The XYZ Affair......Page 345 The Alien and Sedition Acts......Page 346 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: The Crisis of 1798: Sedition......Page 348 Conclusion: Parties Nonetheless......Page 350 Selected Bibliography......Page 13 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 352 OPENING VIGNETTE: The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempts to forge a pan-Indian confederacy......Page 355 Jefferson’s Presidency......Page 356 Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion......Page 357 The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Simplicity......Page 360 The Judiciary and the Midnight Judges......Page 361 The Promise of the West:The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition......Page 362 Challenges Overseas: The Barbary Wars......Page 364 The Madisons in the White House......Page 365 HISTORICAL QUESTION: How Could a Vice President Get Away with Murder?......Page 358 Women in Washington City......Page 366 The War of 1812......Page 367 Washington City Burns: The British Offensive......Page 369 Women and the Law......Page 371 Female Education......Page 374 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Stoves Transform Cooking......Page 372 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: One Woman’s Quest to Provide Higher Education for Women......Page 376 Monroe and Adams......Page 378 From Property to Democracy......Page 379 The Missouri Compromise......Page 380 The Monroe Doctrine......Page 382 The Election of 1824......Page 383 The Adams Administration......Page 385 Selected Bibliography......Page 386 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 388 OPENING VIGNETTE: The rise of Andrew Jackson, symbol of a self-confident and expanding nation......Page 391 The Market Revolution......Page 392 Improvements in Transportation......Page 393 Factories, Workingwomen, and Wage Labor......Page 395 Booms and Busts......Page 399 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Early Steamboats......Page 396 The Spread of Democracy......Page 400 The Election of 1828 and the Character Issue......Page 401 Jackson’s Democratic Agenda......Page 402 Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears......Page 403 The Bank War and Economic Boom......Page 407 Cultural Shifts, Religion, and Reform......Page 409 The Family and Separate Spheres......Page 410 The Education and Training of Youths......Page 412 The Second Great Awakening......Page 413 The Temperance Movement and the Campaign for Moral Reform......Page 414 Organizing against Slavery......Page 415 GLOBAL COMPARISON: Changing Trendsin Age at First Marriage for Women......Page 411 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: Transatlantic Abolition......Page 416 The Politics of Slavery......Page 419 Two Panics and the Election of 1840......Page 420 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Going Aheador Gone to Smash: An Entrepreneur Struggles in the 1830s......Page 422 Conclusion: The Age of Jackson or the Era of Reform?......Page 424 Selected Bibliography......Page 425 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 426 OPENING VIGNETTE: With the support of his wife, Abraham Lincoln struggles to survive in antebellum America......Page 429 Agriculture and Land Policy......Page 431 Manufacturing and Mechanization......Page 432 Railroads: Breaking the Bonds of Nature......Page 433 The Free-Labor Ideal: Freedom plus Labor......Page 436 Immigrants and the Free-Labor Ladder......Page 439 GLOBAL COMPARISON: Nineteenth-Century School Enrollment and Literacy Rates......Page 438 Manifest Destiny......Page 441 Oregon and the Overland Trail......Page 442 The Mormon Exodus......Page 445 The Mexican Borderlands......Page 446 The Politics of Expansion......Page 448 The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848......Page 450 Victory in Mexico......Page 453 Golden California......Page 454 The Plantation Economy......Page 456 The Pursuit of Perfection: Transcendentalists and Utopians......Page 458 Woman’s Rights Activists......Page 459 Abolitionists and the American Ideal......Page 460 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: Back to Africa: The United States in Liberia......Page 462 Selected Bibliography......Page 464 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 466 OPENING VIGNETTE: Slave Nat Turner leads a revolt to end slavery......Page 469 The Growing Distinctiveness of the South......Page 470 The South in Black and White......Page 471 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: Defending Slavery......Page 474 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: White Gold: The International Empire of Cotton......Page 478 Plantation Masters......Page 482 Plantation Mistresses......Page 484 HISTORICAL QUESTION: How Often Were Slaves Whipped?......Page 486 Work......Page 490 Family, Religion, and Community......Page 491 Resistance and Rebellion......Page 493 Precarious Freedom......Page 495 The Plain Folk......Page 496 Upcountry Yeomen......Page 497 Poor Whites......Page 498 The Politics of Slavery......Page 500 The Democratization of the Political Arena......Page 501 Planter Power......Page 502 Conclusion: A Slave Society......Page 503 Selected Bibliography......Page 504 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 506 OPENING VIGNETTE: Abolitionist John Brown takes his war against slavery to Harpers Ferry,Virginia......Page 509 The Wilmot Proviso and the Expansion of Slavery......Page 510 Debate and Compromise......Page 513 The Fugitive Slave Act......Page 515 Uncle Tom’s Cabin......Page 518 The Kansas-Nebraska Act......Page 519 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Daguerreotypes: The “Sunbeam Art”......Page 516 The New Parties: Know-Nothings and Republicans......Page 521 The Election of 1856......Page 527 BEYOND AMERICA’S BORDERS: Filibusters: The Underside of Manifest Destiny......Page 522 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: “A Purse of Her Own”: Petitioning for the Right to Own Property......Page 528 “Bleeding Kansas”......Page 530 The Dred Scott Decision......Page 531 Prairie Republican: Abraham Lincoln......Page 533 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates......Page 534 The Aftermath of John Brown’s Raid......Page 535 Republican Victory in 1860......Page 536 Secession Winter......Page 538 Selected Bibliography......Page 540 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 542 OPENING VIGNETTE: Runaway slave William Gouldenlists in the U.S. navy......Page 545 Attack on Fort Sumter......Page 547 The Upper South Chooses Sides......Page 548 How They Expected to Win......Page 549 Lincoln and Davis Mobilize......Page 551 Stalemate in the Eastern Theater......Page 552 Union Victories in the Western Theater......Page 556 The Atlantic Theater......Page 557 Union and Freedom......Page 558 GLOBAL COMPARISON: European Cotton Imports, 1860–1870......Page 559 From Contraband to Free People......Page 562 War of Black Liberation......Page 563 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: CSS H. L. Hunley:The World’s First Successful Submarine......Page 560 The South at War......Page 564 Revolution from Above......Page 565 Hardship Below......Page 568 The Disintegration of Slavery......Page 569 SEEKING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: The Right to Fight: Black Soldiers in the Civil War......Page 566 The North at War......Page 570 Women and Work on the Home Front......Page 571 Politics and Dissent......Page 572 Vicksburg and Gettysburg......Page 573 Grant Takes Command......Page 574 The Election of 1864......Page 579 The Confederacy Collapses......Page 580 HISTORICAL QUESTION: Why Did So Many Soldiers Die?......Page 576 Conclusion: The Second American Revolution......Page 581 Selected Bibliography......Page 582 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 584 OPENING VIGNETTE: James T. Rapier emergesin the early 1870s as Alabama’s most prominent black leader......Page 587 “To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds”......Page 589 Land and Labor......Page 590 The African American Quest for Autonomy......Page 591 DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN PROMISE: The Meaning of Freedom......Page 592 Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation......Page 595 White Southern Resistance and Black Codes......Page 596 Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights......Page 598 The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence......Page 599 Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule......Page 602 Impeaching a President......Page 604 The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands......Page 605 THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGY: Filling the “EmptySleeve”: Artificial Limbs......Page 600 Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen......Page 606 Republican Rule......Page 607 White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers......Page 612 HISTORICAL QUESTION: What Did the Ku Klux Klan Really Want?......Page 608 Reconstruction Collapses......Page 613 Grant’s Troubled Presidency......Page 614 Northern Resolve Withers......Page 616 White Supremacy Triumph......Page 617 An Election and a Compromise......Page 619 Conclusion: “A Revolution But Half Accomplished”......Page 620 Selected Bibliography......Page 621 REVIEWING THE CHAPTER......Page 622 The Declaration of Independence......Page 625 The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union......Page 627 The Constitution of the United States......Page 631 Amendments to the Constitution with Annotations (including the six unratified amendments)......Page 636 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America......Page 649 Presidential Elections......Page 657 Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of State......Page 660 Admission of States to the Union......Page 662 Supreme Court Justices......Page 663 Significant Supreme Court Cases......Page 664 Main Sectors of the U.S. Economy: 1849, 1899, 1950, 1990, 2001......Page 670 Federal Spending and the Economy, 1790–2002......Page 671 Population Growth, 1630–2000......Page 672 Life Expectancy, 1900–2000......Page 673 Migration and Immigration......Page 674 Specialized Information......Page 677 Internet Resources......Page 678 Glossary of Historical Vocabulary......Page 681 Spot Artifact Credits......Page 686 Index......Page 687 Atlas of the Territorial Growth of the United States......Page 713