The American Occupation of Germany: Politics and the Military, 1945-1949

Acknowledgments Contents Introduction 1 I American Plans and German Realities, 1945 An Apparent Discrepancy American Administrative Adjustments New Problems Potsdam Promises Solutions France Frustrates the Promise of Potsdam 2 I The Pressure for Reassessment and Clarification Pressure for Policy Change The Clay-Murphy Visit to Washington The Clay-Murphy Achievements 3 I The Zonal Initiative The Council of Minister-Presidents—Länderrat Länderrat Expansion Interpreting the Länderrat9s Early Role and Context 4 I The May Crisis and a Field-Level Experiment Central Administrations and Economic Unity Delayed The Problem of Food and Unity Clay’s May 26,1946, Report The Dismantling Halt A Field-Level Experiment in Interzonal Unity A Summary and a Preview 5 I Byrnes, Bizonia, and the Question of Policy The Paris Council of Foreign Ministers Clay’s Attempt to Reveal the May 26 Report Paris Again Clay’s Policy Statement of July 19,1946 Byrnes9s Invitation to Unite Zones Bizonal Fusion Byrnes’s Stuttgart Speech, September 6,1946 The Field-Level Experiment Again: Bremen, October 4—5,1946 6 I Democracy or Necessity: An OMGUS Dilemma Elections and Constitutions Bizonal Agencies and Land Constitutions Bizonal Political Coordination The Politics of Denazification 7 I Bizonia as Necessity and Economic Magnet The Priority of Bizonia Frustrations in the Field The Moscow Conference Bizonia Reorganized and Strengthened The Länderrat Eclipsed 8 I The German Momentum Continues The Munich Minister-Presidents9 Conference Deutsches Büro für Friedensfragen 9 I The Washington Focus United States Interest in the German Problem The German Problem and the Origins of the Marshall Plan The New Level-of-Industry Plan Denazification 10 I Decision in Washington Effects in the Field 11 I Dissension in Germany Politics in the Bizonal Economic Council Bizonal Administration—Länder Conflicts Bizonia on Dead Center The London Council of Foreign Ministers as Watershed Six-Power Talks in London Soviet Protests and the Berlin Blockade 12 I The July Days German Response to the London Communiqué The Frankfurt Documents The Minister-Presidents at Koblenz Americans Apply Pressure Meetings in Frankfurt and Riidesheim Frankfurt Again 13 I Democracy or Necessity: The Dilemma Again American Interests and the Basic Law American Interests in the Field 14 I Looking Backward and Forward Reorientation The West German Government as Agent-Government A Note on Sources Notes Index