The Akītu festival : religious continuity and royal legitimation in Mesopotamia

Religious ritual is embedded with socio-political ideologies. Nowhere is this more apparent then in the ancient Babylonian akitu, or New Year festival. The akitu festival is one of the oldest recorded religious festivals in the world, celebrated for several millennia throughout ancient Mesopotamia. Yet, the akitu was more than just a religious ceremony; it acted as a political device employed by the monarchy and/or the central priesthood to ensure the supremacy of the king, the national god, and his capital city. In first millennium B.C.E. Babylonia, when the festival was at its most advanced stage it was celebrated for twelve days involving elaborate rituals, prayers, sacrifices, royal processions of the king and of the deities, recitation of the Babylonian creation epic, and the issuance of prophecies and oracles for the upcoming year - ritualistic elements which symbolized the correct religious, social, political, and economical order of Babylon. Politics and religion in ancient Babylon were irrevocably intertwined. Myths and their supportive rituals justified social institutions and legitimized rulers, whether native or foreign. Using tools of social anthropology and ritual analysis, this book presents a detailed reconstruction of the festival events and its attendant rituals to demonstrate how the akitu festival became a propagandistic tool wielded by the monarchy and ruling class to promote state ideology. The akitu festival demonstrates the effectiveness of religion as a political tool. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ANALYSIS OF PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP ON THE AKĪTU PHENOMONOLOGY OF THE AKĪTU FESTIVAL RITUALISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE AKĪTU POLITICAL, HISTORICAL, AND IDEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX