The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (History of the Near East)

This volume covers the rise and fall of the Crusader states, the expansion of the Mongol empire, the rise of the Mamluk sultanate and of its ultimate conquerors, the Ottomans. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Genealogical Tables 8 List of Maps 9 Foreword 10 Acknowledgements 11 Note: Names, Titles and Dates 12 Names and Titles 12 Dates 14 Introduction: The Lands and their Peoples 16 1. The Near East on the Eve of the First Crusade 24 2. The First Crusade 1095–1099 31 Notes 37 3. The Frankish States and the Muslim Response 1099–1128 38 Note 45 4. Outremer and its People 46 Note 52 5. Zangī and Nūr al-Dīn 1128–1154 53 Note 60 6. Nūr al-Dīn and the Rise of Saladin 1154–1174 61 7. The Ascendancy of Saladin 1174–1193 68 Notes 74 8. The Later Ayyubids 1193–1249 75 Note 81 9. Institutions from the Seljukids to the Ayyubids 82 Political and Military Institutions 82 Religious Institutions 92 Note 96 10. The Inauguration of the Mamluk Sultanate 1249–1260 97 Note 104 11. The Reign of al-Ẓāhir Baybars 1260–1277 105 Note 113 12. The Establishment of the Kalavunid Dynasty 1277–1293 114 Note 121 13. The Reign of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (1): The Usurpations 1293–1310 122 14. The Reign of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (2): The Autocracy 1310–1341 129 15. The Later Kalavunids and the Circassian Succession 1341–1399 136 Notes 144 16. Egypt and Nubia to the late Fourteenth Century 145 Notes 152 17. Institutions of the Mamluk Sultanate 153 Political and Military Institutions 153 Religious Institutions 165 Notes 168 18. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations of the Mamluk Sultanate 170 19. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm and its Successors 182 20. The Mamluk Sultanate in Decline (1): The Sons and Household of Barkuk 1399–1461 193 Notes 206 21. The Mamluk Sultanate in Decline (2): The Later Circassian Mamluk Sultans 1461–1517 207 Notes 217 Conclusion: Retrospect and Prospect 218 Bibliographical Survey 222 Glossary 236 Genealogical Tables 241 Maps 247 Index 251 The kaleidoscopic political changes during the years covered by this volume include the rise and fall of the Crusader states, the expansion of the Mongol empire, the rise of the Mamluk sultanate and of its ultimate conquerors, the Ottomans. To all of these Professor Holt is a clear and skilful guide. He principally utilises, and to some extent reinterprets, the medieval Arabic sources, to present a picture which differs in important respects from the conventional western-orientated view.