The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles: Trucks, Buses, and Trains (Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics (19))

This book includes the carefully edited contributions to the United Engineering Foundation Conference: The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles: Trucks, Buses and Trains held in Monterey, California from December 2-6, 2002. This conference brought together 90 leading engineering researchers discussing the aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles. The book topics include a comparison of computational fluid dynamics calculations using both steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, large-eddy simulation, and hybrid turbulence models and experimental data obtained from wind tunnel experiments. Advanced experimental techniques including three-dimensional particle image velocimetry are presented as well, along with their use in evaluating drag reduction devices. Front Matter....Pages I-XII Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Aerodynamics and Other Efficiencies in Transporting Goods....Pages 3-8 Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag Reduction: Historical Perspective as a Guide....Pages 9-28 The Status of Detached-Eddy Simulation for Bluff Bodies....Pages 29-45 Front Matter....Pages 47-47 Exploring the Flow Around a Simplified Bus with Large Eddy Simulation and Topological Tools....Pages 49-64 Unsteady Flow Around Cylinders with Cavities....Pages 65-74 Complex CFD for Everyday Use—Practical Applications for Vehicle Analysis....Pages 75-75 Large eddy simulation of flow around the Ahmed body....Pages 77-87 Detached-Eddy Simulation of the Ground Transportation System....Pages 89-104 Front Matter....Pages 105-105 Time Dependent vs. Steady State Calculations of External Aerodynamics....Pages 107-117 Aerodynamics of Ground Vehicles — Toward Reliable and Affordable CFD....Pages 119-119 Improved Tractor-Trailer Integration and Aerodynamics Through the Use of CFD....Pages 121-121 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Via Lattice Boltzmann Based Approach: Fundamental Physics and Practical Applications....Pages 123-123 Aspects of CFD Application to Vehicle Aerodynamic Design....Pages 125-125 Front Matter....Pages 127-127 PIV Study of the Near Wake of a Pickup Truck....Pages 129-129 Applications of DDPIV to Studies Associated with Road Vehicles....Pages 131-141 Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) and Its Automotive Applications....Pages 143-155 Quantitative Flow Visualization for Large Scale Wind Tunnels....Pages 157-167 Front Matter....Pages 169-169 An Experimental Study of the Generic Conventional Model (GCM) in the NASA Ames 7-by-10-Foot Wind Tunnel....Pages 171-171 The Measurement of Wake and Gap Flows of the Generic Conventional Truck Model (GCM) using Three-Component PIV....Pages 173-184 On the Aerodynamics of Tractor-Trailers....Pages 185-205 Front Matter....Pages 169-169 RANS Simulations of a Simplified Tractor/Trailer Geometry....Pages 207-218 Computational Simulation of a Heavy Vehicle Trailer Wake....Pages 219-233 Front Matter....Pages 235-235 Drag Reduction of Two-Dimensional Bodies by Addition of Boat Tails....Pages 237-248 Drag Reduction of a Tractor-Trailer Using Planar Boat Tail Plates....Pages 249-265 RANS Simulations of Passive and Active Drag Reduction Devices for a Road Vehicle....Pages 267-275 Pneumatic Heavy Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag Reduction, Safety Enhancement, and Performance Improvement....Pages 277-302 Base Flaps and Oscillatory Perturbations to Decrease Base Drag....Pages 303-316 Front Matter....Pages 317-317 Use of Computational Aerodynamics for Commercial Vehicle Development at DaimlerChrysler....Pages 319-328 Numerical Simulation of the Flow about a Train Model....Pages 329-338 Adaptation of Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models to Unsteady Separated Flow Behind Vehicles....Pages 339-352 Simulation of vehicle aerodynamics using a vortex element method....Pages 353-366 Front Matter....Pages 367-367 Energetic and CFD Modeling Considerations of Thermal Management....Pages 369-369 Measurement of Underhood Temperatures with Various Ventilations....Pages 371-371 Measurement and Analysis of Underhood Ventilation Air Flow and Temperatures for an Off-Road Machine....Pages 373-383 Flow Field and Thermal Management Analysis of an Armored Vehicle Engine Compartment....Pages 385-409 Front Matter....Pages 411-411 Experiments and CFD in Train Aerodynamics: A Young and Turbulent Association Full of Potential....Pages 413-413 Recent Studies of Train Slipstreams....Pages 415-430 Aerodynamic Effects in Railway Tunnels as Speed is Increased....Pages 431-441 Flow-induced Vibration of High-Speed Trains in Tunnels....Pages 443-452 How to Reduce the Cross Wind Sensitivity of Trains....Pages 453-467 Front Matter....Pages 411-411 CFD Study of Side Wind Effects on a High Speed Train....Pages 469-469 Front Matter....Pages 471-471 Commercial CFD Code Validation for Heavy-Vehicle External Aerodynamics Simulation....Pages 473-483 Computational Parametric Study on External Aerodynamics of Heavy Trucks....Pages 485-501 Applicability of the Vortex Methods for Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles....Pages 503-514 Front Matter....Pages 515-515 Development of a Wind Tunnel Model Mounting Configuration for Heavy Duty Trucks....Pages 517-517 A Ground-Based Research Vehicle for Base Drag Studies at Subsonic Speeds....Pages 519-531 Splash and Spray Measurement and Control: Recent Progress in Quebec....Pages 533-547 Wind-Tunnel Evaluation of an Aerodynamic Heat Exchanger....Pages 549-561 Automated Driving of Trucks and Buses: Opportunities for Increasing Productivity and Safety While Reducing Fuel Use and Emissions....Pages 563-563 Back Matter....Pages 565-567 It is our pleasure to present these proceedings from the United Engineering Foundation Conference on The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles: Trucks, Buses and Trains held December 2-6, 2002, in Monterey, California. This Department of Energy, United Engineering Foundation, and industry sponsored conference brought together 90 leading engineering researchers from around the world to discuss the aerodynamic drag of heavy vehicles. Participants from national labs, academia, and industry, including truck manufacturers, discussed how computer simulation and experimental techniques could be used to design more fuel efficient trucks, buses, and trains. Conference topics included comparison of computational fluid dynamics calculations using both steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, large-eddy simulation, and hybrid turbulence models and experimental data obtained from the Department of Energy sponsored and other wind tunnel experiments. Advanced experimental techniques including three-dimensional particle image velocimetry were presented, along with their use in evaluating drag reduction devices. We would like to thank the UEF conference organizers for their dedication and quick response to sudden deadlines. In addition, we would like to thank all session chairs, the scientific advisory committee, authors, and reviewers for their many hours of dedicated effort that contributed to a successful conference and resulted in this document of the conference proceedings. We also gratefully acknowledge the support received from the United Engineering Foundation, the US Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Volvo Trucks America, International Truck and Engine Corporation, and Freightliner LLC.