The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture -- Books a la Carte (14th Edition)

For courses in Adolescent Development An overview of adolescence that helps students see themselves in the discipline The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture offers an eclectic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of adolescence, presenting biological, psychological, and sociological viewpoints alongside educational, demographic, and economic data. Author Kim Dolgin places emphasis upon American adolescents, but also explores the issues facing adolescents in the developing world, as well as in Europe and Oceania. The Fourteenth Edition offers coverage of contemporary topics – such as increases in youth homelessness and sexting – to command student interest and reinforce the relevance of the course. NOTE: This ISBN is for a Pearson Books a la Carte edition : a convenient, three-hole-punched, loose-leaf text. In addition to the flexibility offered by this format, Books a la Carte editions offer students great value, as they cost significantly less than a bound textbook. The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture, Fourteenth Edition is also available via Revel TM, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. You can also purchase a loose-leaf print reference to complement Revel The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture . This is optional. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author 1 The Social Context of Adolescence 1.1 Terminology Applied to Adolescence 1.2 Approaches to Studying Adolescents 1.2.1 Additional Key Concerns in the Study of Adolescence 1.3 The Global Face of Adolescence 1.4 The Changing Face of American Adolescence 1.5 Our Evolving Society 1.5.1 Major Adolescent Cohorts 1.6 The Evolving Prolongation of Adolescence 1.7 Evolving Communication and Information Technologies 1.7.1 The Internet 1.7.2 Cell Phones 1.8 Evolving World of Work and Consumption 1.8.1 Longer Workdays 1.8.2 Working Women 1.8.3 Adolescent Employment 1.8.4 Adolescent Consumption 1.9 Evolving Educational Imperatives 1.9.1 Educational Attainment 1.9.2 Embracing New Technologies 1.9.3 Innovations in Career Education 1.10 The Evolving Family 1.10.1 Changes in the Likelihood of Marriage and Parenthood 1.10.2 Changes in Family Dynamics 1.11 The Evolving Sexual Landscape 1.11.1 Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution 1.11.2 Negative Effects of the Sexual Revolution 1.12 Evolving Safety Concerns 1.12.1 Violent Crime 1.12.2 Violence in Society 1.12.3 Violence in the Home 1.12.4 Violence in Schools 1.12.5 Violent Deaths 1.13 Research Methods 1.13.1 True versus Quasi-Experiments 1.14 Research Designs That Measure Developmental Change 1.14.1 Cross-Sectional Research 1.14.2 Longitudinal Research 1.14.3 Cross-Sequential Research 1.14.4 Time-Lag Research Studies Summary: The Social Context of Adolescence 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context 2.1 Biological Views of Adolescence 2.1.1 G. Stanley Hall and Sturm und Drang 2.1.2 Arnold Gesell and Spiral Growth Patterns 2.2 Psychoanalytical and Psychosocial Views of Adolescence 2.2.1 Sigmund Freud and Individuation 2.2.2 Anna Freud and Defense Mechanisms 2.2.3 Erik Erikson and Positive Ego Identity 2.3 Cognitive Views of Adolescence 2.3.1 Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development 2.3.2 Lev Vygotsky and Social Influences on Cognition 2.4 Albert Bandura and Social Learning Theory 2.4.1 The Role of Reinforcement 2.4.2 Social-Cognitive Theory 2.5 The Impact of Culture on Adolescents 2.5.1 Robert Havighurst and the Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 2.5.2 Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory 2.5.3 Urie Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory 2.5.4 Margaret Mead and Anthropological Views 2.6 Storm and Stress Revisited Summary: Adolescents in Theoretical Context 3 Adolescent Diversity 3.1 Adolescents of Low Socioeconomic Status 3.1.1 Limitations of Low Socioeconomic Status 3.2 Cycle of Poverty and Deprivation 3.2.1 Low Level of Education 3.2.2 Family Instability 3.2.3 Homelessness 3.2.4 Child-Rearing Goals and Philosophies 3.2.5 Peer Orientation 3.2.6 Social Outcasts 3.2.7 Mental Health 3.2.8 Physical Health 3.3 Minority Adolescents 3.3.1 Racism 3.4 African American Adolescents 3.4.1 Legacy of Discrimination 3.4.2 New Realities 3.4.3 Contemporary Segregation 3.4.4 Unequal Education 3.4.5 Occupational Aspirations 3.4.6 Unemployment Rates 3.4.7 Income 3.4.8 Incarceration 3.4.9 Adolescent and Unwed Pregnancy 3.4.10 Family Strengths 3.5 Latino Adolescents 3.5.1 Educational Concerns 3.5.2 Health 3.5.3 Mexican American Adolescents 3.5.4 Puerto Rican Adolescents 3.6 Native American Adolescents 3.6.1 Health and Standard of Living 3.6.2 Education 3.6.3 Family Life 3.6.4 Children 3.6.5 Cultural Conflict 3.7 Asian American Adolescents 3.7.1 Chinese American Adolescents 3.7.2 Filipino Americans 3.7.3 Indian Americans 3.8 Immigrants and Refugees 3.8.1 Difficulties Faced by Immigrants and Refugees 3.8.2 Southeast Asian Refugee Experience Summary: Adolescent Diversity 4 Body Issues 4.1 Biochemical Basis of Puberty 4.1.1 The Hypothalamus 4.1.2 The Pituitary Gland 4.1.3 The Gonads 4.1.4 The Adrenal Glands 4.1.5 Sex Hormone Regulation in Males 4.1.6 Sex Hormone Regulation in Females 4.2 Maturation and Functions of Male Sex Organs 4.2.1 Spermatogenesis 4.2.2 The Developing Penis 4.2.3 The Cowper’s Glands 4.2.4 Nocturnal Emissions 4.3 Maturation and Functions of Female Sex Organs 4.3.1 Menarche and the Menstrual Cycle 4.3.2 Menstrual Concerns 4.4 Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics 4.4.1 Males 4.4.2 Females 4.4.3 Results of Sexual Maturation 4.5 Growth in Height and Weight 4.5.1 Growth Trends 4.5.2 Determinants of Height 4.5.3 Other Physical Changes 4.6 Body Image 4.6.1 Physical Attractiveness 4.6.2 Body Types and Ideals 4.7 Early and Late Maturation 4.7.1 Early-Maturing Girls 4.7.2 Early-Maturing Boys 4.7.3 Late-Maturing Girls 4.7.4 Late-Maturing Boys 4.8 Health Status 4.8.1 Mortality 4.8.2 Health Decisions 4.8.3 A Global Perspective on Adolescent Mortality 4.9 Health Concerns 4.9.1 Nutrition 4.9.2 Exercise 4.9.3 Obesity 4.9.4 Sleep 4.9.5 Skin Concerns 4.9.6 Tanning Summary: Body Issues 5 Cognitive Development 5.1 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 5.1.1 Sensorimotor Stage 5.1.2 Preoperational Stage 5.1.3 Concrete Operational Stage 5.1.4 Formal Operational Stage 5.2 Effects of Adolescent Thought on Personality and Behavior 5.2.1 Idealism 5.2.2 Hypocrisy 5.2.3 Pseudostupidity 5.2.4 Egocentrism 5.2.5 Introspection 5.3 Critique of Piaget’s Theory 5.3.1 Age and Universality 5.3.2 Beyond Formal Operations 5.4 What Can We Retain from Formal Operations? 5.5 Information Processing 5.5.1 Steps in Information Processing 5.5.2 Processing Speed 5.5.3 Higher-Order Thought Processes 5.5.4 The Role of Knowledge 5.6 Decision Making 5.6.1 The Process 5.6.2 Barriers to Good Decision Making 5.6.3 Risky Decision Making 5.7 Epistemic Reasoning 5.8 Brain Development during Adolescence 5.9 Assessing Cognition 5.9.1 Theories of Intelligence 5.9.2 Emotional Intelligence 5.10 Intelligence Testing 5.10.1 Factors Influencing Test Results 5.10.2 Uses and Misuses of IQ Tests 5.10.3 Achievement Tests Summary: Cognitive Development 6 Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender 6.1 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem 6.1.1 Importance of a Good Self-Concept 6.1.2 Self-Esteem 6.1.3 Mental Health 6.1.4 Development of a Positive Self-Concept 6.1.5 Changes in Self-Concept during Adolescence 6.2 Identity 6.2.1 Seven Conflicts 6.2.2 Identity Status 6.2.3 Identity as a Process 6.2.4 Components of Identity 6.3 Ethnic and Racial Identity 6.3.1 Acculturation Options 6.3.2 Developing an Ethnic or Racial Identity 6.3.3 Ethnic Identity and Multiracial Teens 6.4 Sex and Gender 6.4.1 Biological Sex 6.4.2 Cognitive-Developmental Theories 6.4.3 Traditional Gender Roles 6.4.4 Social Learning Theory 6.4.5 Societal and Parental Influences 6.4.6 Gender Stereotypes 6.4.7 Androgyny 6.4.8 Gender in Adolescence Summary: Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender 7 The Development of Moral Values 7.1 Cognitive-Socialization Theories of Development 7.1.1 Piaget and Children’s Moral Development 7.1.2 Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development 7.1.3 Gilligan and Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning 7.1.4 Eisenberg’s Theory of Prosocial Reasoning 7.1.5 The Social-Cognitive Domain Approach to Moral Reasoning 7.2 Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior 7.2.1 Major Factors Influencing Adolescent Behaviors 7.2.2 Moral Identity 7.2.3 Age Changes in Prosocial Behavior 7.3 Family Factors and Moral Learning 7.3.1 Parental Acceptance and Trust 7.3.2 Frequency and Intensity of Parent–Teen Communication 7.3.3 Discipline and Reaction to the Adolescent’s Behavior 7.3.4 Parental Role Models 7.3.5 Opportunities for Independence 7.4 Peer Influence on Morality 7.5 Spirituality and Religion 7.5.1 Religion 7.6 Television, Video Games, and Other Screen Time 7.6.1 Violence 7.6.2 Sexual Content 7.6.3 Materialism 7.6.4 Other Concerns 7.7 Moral Education 7.7.1 The Moral Development Approach 7.7.2 The Virtue Ethics Approach 7.7.3 Values Clarification Approach 7.7.4 Analysis and Service-Learning Approaches Summary: The Development of Moral Values 8 Relationships with Family Members 8.1 Parenting Adolescents 8.2 Connection 8.2.1 Listening and Empathetic Understanding 8.2.2 Love and Positive Affect 8.2.3 Acceptance and Approval 8.2.4 Trust 8.3 Autonomy 8.3.1 Connectedness and Cohesion 8.4 Regulation 8.4.1 Authoritative Parents 8.4.2 Authoritarian Parents 8.4.3 Effects of Harsh Punishment 8.4.4 Permissive and Uninvolved Parents 8.5 Parent–Adolescent Tension 8.5.1 Differences in Outlook 8.5.2 Focus of Conflict 8.5.3 Variables Affecting Conflict 8.5.4 Results of Conflict 8.6 Relationships with Other Family Members 8.6.1 Adolescent–Sibling Relationships 8.6.2 Relationships with Grandparents 8.7 Maltreatment 8.7.1 Physical Abuse 8.7.2 Sexual Abuse 8.7.3 Incest 8.7.4 Neglect 8.7.5 Emotional Abuse Summary: Relationships with Family Members 9 Different Family Patterns 9.1 With Whom Do American Adolescents Live? 9.1.1 Residence by Race, Ethnicity, and Income Level 9.1.2 Reasons Adolescents Live with Only One Biological Parent 9.2 Divorce and Adolescents 9.2.1 Short-Term Emotional Reactions 9.2.2 Long-Term Effects 9.3 Factors Influencing the Effects of Divorce 9.3.1 Heredity, Temperament, and Child’s Age 9.3.2 Pre-Divorce Economic Circumstances and Parental Behavior 9.3.3 Post-Divorce Economic Resources and Parental Behavior 9.3.4 Relocation and Relationship Loss 9.3.5 Custody and Living Arrangements 9.3.6 Joint versus Sole Custody 9.4 Single-Parent Families Not Resulting from Divorce 9.4.1 Grandparent-Headed Families 9.4.2 The Parental Supplement Pattern 9.4.3 The Supportive Primary Parenting Model 9.4.4 The Parental Replacement Arrangement 9.4.5 The Parental Apprentice Model 9.4.6 Single-Parent Families Resulting from Parental Death 9.5 Effects of Being Raised in a One-Parent Family 9.5.1 Health 9.5.2 Development of Masculinity/Femininity 9.5.3 Influences on School Performance, Achievement, and Vocation 9.6 Blended Families 9.6.1 Stepparenting 9.6.2 Adolescent Reactions to Parents’ Remarriage 9.6.3 Sibling Relationships 9.7 Adopted Adolescents 9.7.1 Issues Faced by Adopted Adolescents Summary: Different Family Patterns 10 Being a Member of the Adolescent Subculture 10.1 Adolescent Culture and Society 10.1.1 An Adolescent Subculture 10.2 Adolescent Societies 10.2.1 Formal Academic and Activities Subsystems 10.2.2 Informal Subsystems 10.3 Bullying 10.3.1 Anti-bullying Programs 10.4 Friendship 10.4.1 Family’s Role in Friendships 10.4.2 Age Changes in Adolescent Friendships 10.5 Loneliness 10.6 Popularity and Group Acceptance 10.6.1 What Does It Take to Be Popular? 10.6.2 Routes to Social Acceptance 10.7 Heterosociality 10.7.1 Sexual Orientation 10.7.2 Cross-Sex Friendships 10.7.3 Adolescent Love and Crushes 10.7.4 Loss of Love 10.8 Dating 10.8.1 Direct and Indirect Influences on Adolescent Dating 10.8.2 The Development of Dating 10.8.3 Dating and Violence 10.9 Nonmarital Cohabitation 10.9.1 Meanings Attached to Cohabitation 10.9.2 Cohabitation versus Dating 10.9.3 Cohabitation versus Marriage 10.9.4 Effects on Subsequent Marriage 10.10 Adolescent Marriage 10.10.1 A Profile of the Young Married 10.10.2 Reasons for Adolescent Marriage 10.10.3 Adjustments and Problems 10.11 Material Concerns of Adolescent Culture 10.11.1 Adolescents as Consumer Forces 10.11.2 Clothing 10.11.3 Automobiles 10.11.4 Cell Phones 10.11.5 Computers and the Internet 10.12 Nonmaterial Aspects of Adolescent Culture 10.12.1 Slang 10.12.2 The Importance of Music in the Adolescent Culture 10.12.3 Rock Music 10.12.4 Rap Music 10.12.5 The Effects of Antisocial Music 10.12.6 Music Videos Summary: Being a Member of the Adolescent Subculture 11 Sexual Behaviors 11.1 Changing Attitudes and Behavior 11.1.1 Premarital Sexual Behavior 11.1.2 Correlates of Adolescent Sexual Activity 11.1.3 Other Sexual Behaviors 11.1.4 Masturbation 11.2 Sex and Its Meaning 11.2.1 Sexual Pluralism 11.2.2 Gender Differences in Sexual Ethics 11.2.3 Sexual Aggression 11.3 Contraceptives and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 11.3.1 Use of Contraceptives by Adolescents 11.3.2 Why Contraceptives Are Not Used 11.3.3 Should Adolescents Have Contraceptives? 11.4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 11.4.1 Risk and Symptoms 11.4.2 AIDS 11.5 Unwed Pregnancy and Abortion 11.5.1 Causation Theories of Adolescent Pregnancy 11.5.2 Pregnancy Outcomes 11.6 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth 11.6.1 Theories on the Determinants of Sexual Orientation 11.6.2 Coming Out 11.6.3 Difficulties Faced by Gay and Lesbian Adolescents 11.6.4 The Future 11.7 Sex Knowledge and Sex Education 11.7.1 The Role of Parents 11.7.2 The Role of Schools Summary: Sexual Behaviors 12 Education and School 12.1 Trends in U.S. Education 12.1.1 The Early Twentieth Century and Traditionalists versus Progressives 12.1.2 Sputnik and After 12.1.3 The Early Twenty-First Century 12.2 Middle Schools 12.2.1 Issues Faced by Middle-School Students and Teachers 12.2.2 Attributes of Successful Middle Schools 12.3 Characteristics of Good Secondary Schools 12.3.1 Size 12.3.2 Atmosphere 12.3.3 Teachers 12.3.4 Curriculum 12.3.5 Level of Engagement 12.4 Private, Public, and Semi-Private Education 12.5 Achievement and Dropping Out 12.5.1 Who Drops Out and Why 12.6 Dropouts, Employment, and the GED 12.7 Getting a College or University Degree 12.7.1 Community College Summary: Education and School 13 Work and Vocation 13.1 Motives for Choice 13.2 Theories of Vocational Choice 13.2.1 Ginzberg’s Compromise with Reality Theory 13.2.2 Linda Gottfredson’s Career Development Theory 13.2.3 Holland’s Occupational Environment Theory 13.2.4 Lent et al.’s Social-Cognitive Career Theory 13.3 Parental Influence on Vocational Choice 13.3.1 Career Self-Efficacy 13.4 Peer and School Personnel Influences 13.5 Gender Roles and Vocational Choice 13.5.1 Barriers to Women’s Entry into High-Paying Professions 13.6 Other Crucial Determinants of Vocational Choice 13.6.1 Interests 13.6.2 Job Opportunities 13.6.3 Salary 13.7 Socioeconomic Factors 13.8 Youth Employment 13.8.1 Scope of Youth Employment 13.8.2 Correlates of Adolescent Employment 13.8.3 Effects of Youth Employment 13.9 Volunteerism 13.10 Adolescents and Unemployment 13.10.1 Causes of Unemployment 13.11 Career Education Summary: Work and Vocation 14 Adolescent Stress and Alienation 14.1 Running Away 14.1.1 Classes of Runaways 14.1.2 Reasons for Running Away 14.1.3 Throwaways 14.1.4 Life on the Street 14.1.5 Help for Runaways 14.1.6 Worldwide Scope 14.2 Depression 14.2.1 Links between Depression and Suicide 14.3 Suicide 14.3.1 The Association between Family Relationships and Suicide 14.3.2 Other Psychological Correlates 14.3.3 Suicide Prevention 14.3.4 Survivors 14.4 Nonsuicidal, Self-Injurious Behavior 14.5 Eating Disorders 14.5.1 Anorexia Nervosa 14.5.2 Bulimia 14.5.3 Binge Eating Disorder 14.6 Juvenile Delinquency 14.6.1 Incidence of Delinquency 14.6.2 Causes of Delinquency 14.6.3 Juvenile Gangs 14.7 The Juvenile Justice System 14.7.1 The Juvenile Court 14.7.2 The Correctional System 14.7.3 The Restorative Justice Movement Summary: Adolescent Stress and Alienation 15 Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Dependency 15.1 Drug Use and Abuse 15.1.1 Physical Addiction and Psychological Dependency 15.1.2 Patterns and Intensity of Drug Use 15.2 Types of Drugs 15.3 Narcotics 15.3.1 Physical Consequences of Morphine and Heroin Use 15.4 Stimulants 15.4.1 Cocaine 15.4.2 Amphetamines 15.4.3 Prescription Stimulants 15.4.4 Ecstasy 15.5 Depressants 15.6 Hallucinogens 15.6.1 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 15.6.2 Marijuana 15.6.3 Salvia 15.7 The “Big Picture” of Adolescent Drug Use 15.7.1 Substance Use by College Students 15.8 Reasons for Drug Use 15.8.1 Demographic Differences 15.8.2 Compulsive Drug Use 15.9 Prevention and Treatment 15.9.1 Alcoholics Anonymous and Therapy Communities 15.9.2 Effectiveness of Treatments 15.10 Tobacco and Smoking 15.10.1 Reasons Adolescents Start Smoking 15.10.2 Effects of Cigarette Advertising 15.10.3 Reasons Adolescents Continue Smoking 15.10.4 Smokeless Tobacco 15.10.5 Keeping Adolescents from Starting 15.11 Alcohol and Excessive Drinking 15.11.1 Binge Drinking 15.11.2 Regulations on Legal Drinking Age 15.11.3 Reasons for Drinking during Adolescence 15.11.4 Adult and Peer Influences 15.11.5 Physical Consequences of Alcohol Use 15.11.6 Drinking in Young Adulthood Summary: Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Dependency 16 Epilogue 16.1 Positive Youth Development 16.2 Emerging Adulthood 16.3 Young Adulthood 16.3.1 Psychological and Social Maturity Summary: Epilogue Glossary A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z References Useful Websites Credits Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z