The ABCs of High-Pressure Science (155 Pages)

Written by the famous High-Pressure scientist of the Russian Academy of Sciences, __The ABCs of High-Pressure Science__ contains brief information explaining the terms and concepts adopted by professionals involved in research in the field of high pressure, be it physics, geology, chemistry, or technology. The book also includes brief biographical essays describing activities of the outstanding scientists who largely determined the current state of high-pressure science. The book is organized in the form of short chapters or notes in alphabetical order, so a search of the necessary information is not difficult. The ABCs is intended for young scientists, graduate students, and students; nevertheless, well-established scientists can also find useful information here. Finally, __The ABCs of High-Pressure Science__ is not a reference book and is designed to ensure that the reader can easily find the needed information from the Internet. Contents 10 Preface 6 About the Author 8 A 16 AIRAPT 16 Akimotoite 16 Amagat 16 Amorphization at High-Pressure 17 Amorphous Carbon 17 Andrews 17 Anti-extrusion Ring 18 Argon 18 Atmosphere 18 Atomic Bomb 18 Autoclave 19 Autofrettage 19 B 20 Bar 20 Belt 20 Bernal 20 Beryllium Bronze 22 Birch 22 Booster 23 Borazon (BN) 23 Boron (B) 24 Boron Nitride (BN) 24 Bourdon Manometer 24 Boyle 24 Bridgman 24 Bridgman Anvils, Lentils, Toroid 27 Bridgman Gold Medal 28 Bridgmanite 29 C 30 Calibration 30 Carbin 30 Chao 30 Check Valve 31 Chemical Transformations 32 Coesite 33 Compressor 33 Compressor Membranic 33 Crater 34 Critical Point 35 Cylinder–Piston 36 D 38 Daphne Oil 38 De Broglie’s Thermal Wavelength 38 Deadweight Pressure Gauge 38 Deformation 39 Density Functional Theory (DFT) 40 Deuterium (D2) 40 Diamond 41 Diamond Anvils 44 Diamond High-Pressure Scale 48 Diamond Superconducting 49 Dilatometer 49 Drickamer 50 Dynamic Pressure 50 E 54 Earth’s Core 54 Earth’s Mantle 54 Elasticity 55 Electrical Leads 55 Elements of High-Pressure Installations 58 Equation of State 60 European High-Pressure Research Group (EHPRG) 61 F 62 Finite Elements Method 62 Fluorinert 62 Friction 62 G 64 Gas Charging Diamond Anvils 64 Gasket 64 Gigapascal 65 Girdle 65 Gordon Conferences on High-Pressure 66 Graphene 66 Graphite 67 H 70 Hall 70 Hard Alloys 71 Heat Treatment 72 Helium 72 High-Pressure Enclosure 73 High-Pressure Installation (Hydrostatic) 74 High-Pressure Installation (Solid Medium Transmitting Pressure) 76 High-Pressure Tubing 77 Hugoniot 77 Hydrides 78 Hydrogen 78 Hydrothermal Process 81 Hysteresis 82 I 84 Ice Bomb 84 Indium 84 Inert Gases and Their Compounds 84 Institute for High-Pressure Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (HPPI) 85 Intensifier 85 Iron 85 Iron Oxide Fe2O3 86 Isostructural Phase Transitions 87 Isotopic Effects 87 J 90 Jamieson 90 Jamieson Award 91 K 92 Kennedy 92 L 94 Lasers and Dynamic Pressure 94 Lentil 94 Liquid Crystals 95 Liquid Media Transmitting Pressure 95 Lithographic Stone 95 Lonsdaleite 96 Low-Temperature Technique 96 M 98 Manganin 98 Manganin Gauge 98 Marriott 99 Maximum on the Melting Curve 100 Measurement of High-Pressures 101 Measurement of Physical Quantities at High-Pressures 103 Melting 103 Membrane Diamond Cell 103 MgO — High-Pressure Scale 104 Mica 104 Molecular Dynamics 104 Monte-Carlo Method 104 Multi-anvil Installations 105 Mushroom Seal 106 N 108 Nanodiamonds 108 Nitrogen 108 O 110 O-ring 110 Obturator 110 Olivine 111 Olivine–Spinel Transition 111 P 112 Paronite 112 Perovskite 112 Phase Diagram 112 Phase Transitions 113 Piezometer 115 Piston 117 Press Hydraulic 117 Pressure — Definition and Units 118 Pressure in Nature 120 Pump 121 Pyrophyllite 121 Q 122 Quantum Critical Point 122 Quantum Phase Transitions 122 Quartz 122 Quenching 123 R 124 Receiver 124 Rhenium 124 Ringwood 124 Ringwoodite 125 Ruby Gauge 125 S 128 Safety 128 Salt (NaCl) 128 Seal 129 Separator 130 Silica 130 Silver Chloride (AgCl) 132 Steel and Alloys 132 Stishovite 133 Strength 134 Strength Calculations of the Elements of High-Pressure Devices 134 Structural Phase Transitions 135 Support of Pressure Vessels 136 T 138 Talc 138 Teflon 138 Temperature Control 138 Temperature Measurement 139 Texture 140 Toroid 140 Tricritical Point 141 V 142 Valve 142 Van der Waals 142 Van Valkenburg Prize 143 Viscosity 143 Von Platen 144 W 146 Water 146 White Dwarfs 146 Windows for Hard Radiation 148 Windows Optical 149 Conclusion 152 Index 154 Written by the Science Supervisor at the Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, The ABCs of High-Pressure Science contains brief information explaining the terms and concepts adopted by professionals involved in research in the field of high pressure, be it physics, geology, chemistry, or technology. The book also includes brief biographical essays describing activities of the outstanding scientists who largely determined the current state of high-pressure science. The book is organized in the form of short chapters or notes in alphabetical order, so a search of the necessary information is not difficult. The ABCs is intended for young scientists, graduate students, and students; nevertheless, well-established scientists can also find useful information here. Finally, The ABCs of High-Pressure Science is not a reference book and is designed to ensure that the reader can easily find the needed information from the Internet"