The 9th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research : Greening Energy to Shape a Sustainable Future

This is the 9th edition of the International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2022, took place in the middle of September, ISEP, Porto, Portugal (Hybrid). This book includes all the well-presented papers in ICEER 2022.The maturity of this conference series has now been reached, with a large number of participants from academia, as well as a few coming from the professional field. Linking together energy and environment research is not an easy task. However, it is now understood that these fields are interconnected and that the answer to the challenge of a sustainable future depends enormously on the willingness and capability of problem thinking in an integrated manner. This book presents the participants in ICEER 2022 contribution toward sustainability, through energy and environment research, thanks for all. Organization List of Scientific and Technical Committee Members Who Acted as Reviewers Preface Acknowledgements Contents Contributors Part I Advanced Energy Technologies 1 The Future of Transportation: Recyclable Solar Metal Fuel 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Process Description 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.3.1 Parameters Optimization Using Commercial Oxides 1.3.2 Batch Processing Using Combustion Oxide Products 1.3.3 Semi-continuous Processing of Magnesia 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Waste Plastics to Hydrogen (H2) Through Thermochemical Conversion Processes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics 2.3 Production from Syngas 2.3.1 Catalytic Steam Reforming 2.3.2 Autothermal Reforming 2.3.3 Partial Oxidation Reforming (POX) 2.3.4 Dry Reforming (DR) 2.3.5 Aqueous Phase Reforming 2.3.6 Plasma Reforming 2.4 Challenges and Conclusions References 3 Novel Nanocomposite Electrospun Polyaniline/Zirconium Vanadate for LPG Gas Detection 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental Procedure 3.2.1 Preparation of PANI/ZrV Nanohybrid 3.2.2 Preparation and Characterization of PANI/ZrV Nanofiber Using Electrospinning Technique 3.2.3 Devices Fabrication and Measurements 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Characterization of Prepared PANI/ZrV and Hybrid Nanofiber 3.3.2 Gas Sensing Performance of LPG 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Produced from Pyrolysis of Mixed Waste Plastics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methodology 4.2.1 Blending of PMD with ULSD 4.2.2 Engine Test Bed Set-Up 4.3 Result and Discussion 4.3.1 Brake Power (BP) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 4.3.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) 4.3.3 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions 4.3.4 Unburnt Hydrocarbons (uHC) and Particulate Matters (PM) Emissions 4.3.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions 4.4 Conclusions References Part II Sustainable Buildings 5 Design and Smartness Evaluation of Building Automation and Management Systems in Danish Case Studies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 IBACSA Interactive Tool 5.3 IBACSA BACS Evaluation Criteria 5.4 Building Case Studies and Corresponding Technical Systems Details 5.4.1 Building A Specifications 5.4.2 Building B Specifications 5.4.3 Building C Specifications 5.5 BACS Auditing in Case Study Buildings 5.5.1 Building a BACS Auditing 5.5.2 Building B BACS Auditing 5.5.3 Building C BACS Auditing 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Influence of Concrete Composition on the Carbon Footprint and Embodied Energy of a Frame Structure 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and Methods 6.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 6.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 6.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Inventory Analysis 6.3.2 Carbon Footprint and Embodied Energy Evaluation 6.4 Conclusions References 7 Effect of Building Envelope and Environmental Variables on Building Energy Performance: Case of a Residential Building in Mediterranean Climate 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Material and Methods 7.2.1 Study Design 7.2.2 Case Building 7.2.3 Simulation Models 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Base Case Results 7.3.2 Scenario 1: Effect of Surrounding Context 7.3.3 Scenario 2: Effect of the Orientation 7.3.4 Scenario 3: Effect of Surrounding Context with Default Materials and Schedules 7.3.5 Scenario 4: Effect of Thermal Resistance on the Components of Building Envelope’ 7.3.6 Scenario 5: Effect of Glazing, Windows, and Doors 7.3.7 Scenario 6: Effect of the Shading Element 7.3.8 Scenario 7: Effect of the Natural Ventilation 7.3.9 Scenario 8: Combining Scenarios 4, 5, 6, and 7 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Knowledge Retrieval Mechanism for Smart Buildings Based on IoT Devices Data 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Building Ambient Intelligent System 8.2.1 Software Architecture 8.2.2 Knowledge Retrieval 8.3 Case Study 8.4 Results 8.5 Conclusion References 9 Designing a Qualitative Pre-diagnosis Model for the Evaluation of Radon Potential in Indoor Environments 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Related Works 9.3 Materials and Methods 9.4 Expected Results and Preliminary Conclusions References Part III Life Cycle Analysis Methodologies 10 Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of REDIFUEL, an Emerging Renewable Drop-in Fuel 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.2.1 Goal and Scope 10.2.2 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 10.3 Life Cycle Inventory 10.3.1 Biomass Generation 10.3.2 Carbon Capture and Electrolysis 10.3.3 Gasification 10.3.4 Fischer–Tropsch (FT) Process and FT-Catalyst Production 10.3.5 Distillation and Upgrading 10.3.6 Storage, Blending and Distribution 10.4 Results and Discussion 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Water Use in Buildings: A Case Study in Qatar 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Water Use in Qatar 11.1.2 Sustainability Assessment of Domestic Water Use 11.2 Methods and Procedures 11.2.1 Modeled Residential Unit in Doha, Qatar 11.2.2 LCA Framework 11.2.3 Overall Water Use Life Cycle 11.3 Results and Discussions 11.4 Conclusion References 12 Assessment of the Climate Change and Metal Depletion Impacts of a Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst with Prospective Life Cycle Assessment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.3 Life Cycle Inventory 12.3.1 Precursor Production 12.3.2 Catalyst Production 12.3.3 Use-Phase 12.3.4 End-of-Life Options 12.4 Results 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Cooling Demand Under Climate Change and Associated Environmental Impacts 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methods 13.2.1 Reference Weather Data 13.2.2 Future Climate Data 13.2.3 Building Energy Simulation 13.2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 13.3 Results and Discussion 13.3.1 Impact on Cooling Demand 13.3.2 Environmental Impacts 13.4 Conclusion References 14 Environmental Feasibility of Second-Life Battery Applications in Belgium 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Material and Methods 14.2.1 Goal and Scope 14.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory 14.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.3.1 Residential Use Case 14.3.2 Industrial Use Case 14.3.3 Utility Use Case 14.4 Conclusion References 15 The Carbon Footprint of a Furniture Industry Facility: Evaluation of the Impact Progress Over 2013–2019 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.2.1 Scope 1: Direct GHG Emissions 15.2.2 Scope 2: Electricity Indirect GHG Emissions 15.2.3 Scope 3: Other Indirect Emissions 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Environmental Performance Comparison of Active Living Wall and Commercial Air Purifier: Life Cycle Assessment Study 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology 16.2.1 Description of ALW and CAP 16.2.2 Basic Approach to LCA 16.3 Results and Discussions 16.4 Conclusion References 17 Investigating the Embodied Energy of Wall Assembly with Various Material Service Life Scenarios 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Background 17.3 Method 17.3.1 Embodied Energy Calculation Procedure 17.3.2 Additional Embodied Energy Assessment Scenarios 17.4 Results and Discussion 17.4.1 Embodied Energy of the Base Case 17.4.2 Scenario 1: Embodied Energy Variations Due to Alternative MSLs 17.4.3 Scenario 2: Assessment of Alternative Wall Finishes 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Primary Energy and Carbon Emissions of Different Concrete Sandwich Panels 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methods 18.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 18.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 18.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.4 Conclusion References 19 Influence of Culture Medium on Carbon Footprint and Energy Requirement of Microalgae Lipid Production 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methods 19.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 19.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)—Analysis and Data Sources 19.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.3.1 Carbon Footprint Analysis 19.3.2 Improvement Proposal 19.4 Conclusion References 20 Life Cycle Assessment and Evaluation of External Costs of the Italian Electricity Mix 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Materials and Methods 20.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment of the Electricity Mix 20.2.2 Externality Evaluation 20.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment of the Electricity Mix 20.3 Results and Discussion 20.4 Conclusion References 21 Life Cycle Energy and Climate Change Impacts of a Chicken Slaughtering Process 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Methods 21.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 21.2.2 Inventory Analysis and Data Sources 21.2.3 Climate Change Impacts Evaluation 21.3 Results and Discussion 21.4 Conclusion References 22 Life Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprint of Native Agar Extraction from Gelidium sesquipedale Using Alternative Technologies 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Materials and Methods 22.2.1 Raw Material Preparation 22.2.2 Agar Extraction Processes 22.2.3 Goal and Scope Definition for the LCA Study 22.2.4 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis and Data Sources 22.2.5 Environmental Impact Evaluation 22.3 Results and Discussion 22.4 Conclusion References 23 Life Cycle Assessment of Nanotechnology: Carbon Footprint and Energy Analysis 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Methodology 23.3 Results and Discussion 23.3.1 Life Cycle Assessment Approaches Applied to Nanotechnology 23.3.2 Energy Analysis 23.4 Conclusions References 24 Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of a Lignin Nanoparticle Biorefinery 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Materials and Methods 24.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 24.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 24.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 24.3 Results and Discussion 24.4 Conclusions References Part IV Modeling, Simulation, and Forecasting of Energy and Carbon Markets 25 Demand Response Flexibility: Forecasts and Expectations for 2030 and 2050 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Methodology 25.3 2050 Net Zero Emission and Global Expectations to Achieve It 25.4 Current and Expected European Smart Meters Rollout 25.5 Conclusion References 26 Multivariate Weather Derivatives for Wind Power Risk Management: Standardization Scheme and Trading Strategy 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Methods 26.2.1 Market Trading Model 26.2.2 Minimum Variance Hedging Problem 26.2.3 Non-parametric Derivatives 26.2.4 Standard Derivatives 26.3 Results 26.3.1 Estimated Trend (Non-parametric Derivatives) 26.3.2 Measurement of Hedging Effects 26.4 Conclusion References 27 Assessment of Potential Tidal Power Sites in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan Using Multi-criteria Evaluation 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Methodology 27.2.1 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 27.2.2 Analytical GIS-Based Spatial Evaluation 27.3 Results and Discussion 27.4 Conclusion and Future Work References 28 Numerical Analysis of Cooling Characteristics of Battery Pack Through an Integrated Liquid Spray and Air Cooling System 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Battery Pack and Cooling System 28.3 Heat Generation Rate and Simulation Method 28.4 Results and Discussion 28.5 Conclusion References 29 Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modelling of Glycerol Gasification 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Methodology 29.2.1 Stoichiometric Model 29.2.2 Non-stoichiometric Model 29.3 Results 29.3.1 Producer Gas Composition 29.3.2 Gasification Parameters 29.4 Conclusions References 30 Comprehensive Modeling and Evaluation of the Feasibility of the EU Energy Transition Concerning the Development of the Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources Until 2050 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Materials and Methods 30.3 Results and Discussion 30.3.1 The Current State of the EU Energy Mix 30.3.2 Prediction of the Future EU Energy Mix 30.3.3 Evaluation of the Proposed Model 30.4 Conclusion References 31 Towards Multiscale Modeling to Predict Diatom Metabolites Production for Biofuels and High-Value Compounds 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Framework Development 31.2.1 Culture Conditions and Biochemical Characterization 31.2.2 Modeling Photophysiological Constraints and Experimental Data Integration 31.2.3 Modeling Microalgae Growth in PBR and Upscaling to One-Year Cultivation 31.3 Results and Discussion 31.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Part V Energy and Environment 32 Recyclability of Wind Turbines: Overview of Current Situation and Challenges 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Wind Turbine Bill of Materials 32.3 Current Situation of EoL Management: Reuse, Recycle, Recover and Landfill 32.4 Challenges in Recyclability of Wind Turbines 32.5 Conclusion References 33 Drawing Behavioural Insights from Members of Social Innovations in the Energy Sector Through Cluster Analysis: A Comparative Study in Portugal 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Materials and Methods 33.2.1 Case Study Participants 33.2.2 Methodology 33.3 Results and Discussion 33.4 Conclusions References 34 Efficiency of Environmental Measures in Portuguese Healthcare Institutions Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Materials and Methods 34.3 Results and Discussion 34.4 Conclusion References 35 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Military Organizations: The Case of the Portuguese Air Force 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Objective, Research Question and Methodology 35.1.2 Structure 35.2 Literature Review 35.2.1 IPCC Guidelines 35.2.2 The European Union Climate Change Acts and the Portuguese Acts 35.3 Results—Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Model Used for the PrtAF 35.3.1 Mapping 35.3.2 Reduction 35.3.3 Neutrality 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Development of Polyethersulphone Mixed Matrix Zeolite Membranes Functionalized with Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Separation 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Materials and Methods 36.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 36.2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Matrix Membranes 36.2.3 Performance of Membranes Through Gas Permeation Tests 36.2.4 Post-impregnation Procedure 36.3 Results and Discussion 36.3.1 SAPO-34 and MeAPSO-34 Synthesis and Characterization 36.3.2 Permeation Tests 36.4 Conclusion References 37 Tourism and Air Pollution in Italian Regions 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Data Description and Methodology 37.3 Results 37.4 Conclusions References 38 Level of Awareness and Knowledge Regarding Climate Change Among the People of Dammam, Saudi Arabia 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Materials and Methods 38.3 Results 38.3.1 Respondents’ Knowledge of Climate Change 38.3.2 Respondents’ Levels of Concern Regarding Climate Change 38.3.3 Strategies to Reduce the Effects of Climate Change 38.4 Discussion 38.5 Conclusion References 39 Perceptions of Forest Experts on the Impact of Wildfires on Ecosystem Services in Portugal 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Materials and Methods 39.3 Results and Discussion 39.4 Conclusions References 40 Coated Catalyst Plates for Effective Degradation of Industrial Effluents via Innovative Photocatalytic Reactor 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Materials and Methods 40.2.1 Experimental Procedures 40.3 Results and Discussion 40.3.1 Comparison of the Pristine TiO2, CNTs/LaVO4 and MIL-53(Al)/ZnO 40.4 Conclusions References 41 Determination and Quantification of Nitrogen Species During the Different Stages of Dairy Wastewater Treatment in a Sequencing Batch Reactor 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Material and Methods 41.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures 41.2.2 Analytical Methods 41.3 Results and Discussion 41.4 Conclusion References 42 Effect of Temperature on the Thermolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Its Application in Methylene Blue Removal 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Experimental Procedure 42.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon from Waste PET 42.2.2 MB Adsorption Test 42.3 Results and Discussion 42.3.1 Characteristics of SC 42.3.2 Adsorption Studies 42.4 Conclusion References 43 The Interest of Dairy Farmer on Extension Activity Related to Adopt the Mobile Anaerobic Digester Technology at East Java, Indonesia 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Materials and Methods 43.2.1 Study Location and Sampling 43.2.2 Research Design and Statistics Analysis 43.3 Results and Discussion 43.3.1 Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Farmer 43.3.2 The Effect of Socio-Economic Variables to the Farmer Interested on Extension Activity 43.4 Conclusion References 44 Exploring the Environmental Significance of Il-Magħluq Ta’ Marsaskala: A Study on Water Quality Within a Special Area of Conservation 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Materials and Methods 44.3 Results and Discussion 44.4 Conclusion References Part VI Energy Efficiency 45 Increasing Energy Efficiency of Electro-Hydraulic Oil Systems to Reduce Industrial Carbon Emissions 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Efficient Electro-Hydraulic Systems 45.2.1 Electric Engine Driven Systems 45.2.2 Hydraulic Oil Systems 45.3 Economic Analysis 45.4 Conclusions References 46 Influence of Electric Vehicles on Urban Traffic Noise and Fuel Consumption 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Background and motivation 46.2.1 Background and Motivation Literature Review 46.3 Research Methodology 46.3.1 Flowchart 46.3.2 Step 1—Conversion Background Contributions to ESdB Model 46.3.3 Step 2—Review ESdB 46.3.4 Step 2—Simulations of ESdB Unit Assuming Different Percentages of EV’s 46.4 Results and Discussions 46.4.1 Results 46.4.2 Discussion 46.5 Conclusion References 47 Automation, Project and Installation of Photovoltaic System in a Rural Farm 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Sustainable Farms 47.3 Case Study 47.3.1 Case Study Presentation 47.3.2 Sizing the Photovoltaic Generator 47.3.3 Components of the Photovoltaic System Implemented in the Housing 47.3.4 Equipment that Composes the Photovoltaic System Implemented in the Housing 47.3.5 Comparison with Similar Cases 47.4 Conclusions References 48 Indoor Radon Remediation in Highly Constrained Built Environments: Balancing Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency Through Collaborative Sensing 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Related Works 48.3 Materials and Methods 48.4 Results 48.5 Conceptual Framework 48.6 Conclusions References 49 Efficiency of Indian Cement Firms: A DEA Analysis of Large Cement Producers of PAT Cycle I and II 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Econometric Methodology, Data and Variables 49.3 Results and Discussion 49.4 Conclusion References 50 Circular Economy of Household Used Cooking Oil: Waste-to-Energy Potential Geospatial Mapping 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Materials and Methods 50.2.1 Biodiesel 50.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 50.2.3 Direct Combustion 50.2.4 Geospatial Mapping 50.3 Results 50.4 Conclusion and Discussion References 51 Towards a Circular Economy for Restaurant Waste in Guayaquil: Characterization and Energy Generation Potential 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Materials and Methods 51.2.1 Collection of Restaurant Waste 51.2.2 Sampling and Sorting of Restaurant Waste 51.2.3 Energy Incineration Valorization 51.3 Results 51.3.1 Waste Collection 51.3.2 Waste Characterization 51.3.3 Waste Energy Valorization 51.4 Conclusion References 52 Agrivoltaics System as an Integral Part of Modern Farming 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Material and Methods 52.3 Agrivoltaics Review 52.3.1 Definition and Legislative Framework 52.3.2 Types of Agrivoltaics Installations 52.3.3 Multiple Benefits of Agrivoltaics 52.3.4 Technical–Economic Aspects 52.3.5 Clean Electricity from Agrivoltaics System Utilization 52.3.6 Further Research in Agrivoltaics 52.4 Conclusions References 53 Evaluation of Co-digested Biogas Production Using Waste Cooking Oil as a Co-substrate 53.1 Introduction 53.2 Materials and Methods 53.2.1 Sources of CM, PM, CHM, WCO, and Restaurant Organic Waste 53.2.2 Preparation of Restaurant Organic Waste 53.2.3 Assemble Artisanal Anaerobic Digesters 53.2.4 Humidity Calculation 53.2.5 Samples Preparation 53.2.6 Pressure and Volume of Gas Calculation 53.3 Results 53.4 Conclusion References 54 Electrical Energy Generation Through Microbial Fuel Cells Using Pichia membranifaciens Yeasts 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Materials and Methods 54.3 Results and Discussion 54.4 Conclusion References Part VII Renewable Energy 55 Energy Transition in a Business Company—Solar PV for a Car Fleet 55.1 Introduction 55.2 Photovoltaic Stations for EVs Charging 55.3 Case Study 55.4 Economic and Environmental Analysis 55.4.1 Impact on CO2 Emissions 55.4.2 Contribution to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals 55.5 Conclusions References 56 A Preliminary Study on the Ignition of Some Ligneous Biomass Pellets Inside a Traveling Grate Furnace 56.1 Introduction 56.2 Materials and Methods 56.2.1 Pellets Preparation 56.2.2 Experimental Setup 56.3 Results and Discussion 56.4 Conclusion References 57 Evaluation of the Conversion Potential of Maize Stover from Soil Phytoremediation to Bioethanol 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Materials and Methods 57.2.1 Sample Preparation 57.2.2 Acid Pretreatment 57.2.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 57.2.4 Fermentation 57.2.5 5-Dinitrosalicylic Acid Method (DNS) for Sugar Quantification 57.3 Results and Discussion 57.3.1 Identification of the Most Promising Acids for Biomass Pretreatment 57.3.2 Optimization of Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conditions 57.3.3 Results After Fermentation 57.4 Conclusion References 58 Bioelectricity from the Yeast Candida boidinii 58.1 Introduction 58.2 Materials and Methods 58.2.1 Single-Chamber MFC-SC 58.2.2 Reactivation of Candida boidinii Yeast 58.2.3 Macroscopic and Microscopic Observation of Candida boidinii 58.2.4 Preparation of the Inoculum for the MFC-SC 58.3 Results and Discussion 58.4 Conclusion References 59 Mixing Effect on Anaerobic Digestion of Wine Vinasse Wastewater for Energy Production 59.1 Introduction 59.2 Materials and Methods 59.2.1 Substrate and Inoculum 59.2.2 Experimental Setup 59.2.3 Analytical Methods 59.2.4 Kinetic Study 59.2.5 The Electrical Energy Potential of the WVW 59.3 Results and Discussion 59.3.1 BMP Performance 59.3.2 Kinetic Study 59.3.3 Energy Production from the AD of WVW 59.4 Conclusion References 60 Renewable Energy from Agro-industrial Residues: Potato Peels as a Case Study 60.1 Introduction 60.2 Materials and Methods 60.2.1 Residue Collection and Characterization 60.2.2 Data Collection and Treatment 60.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion 60.3 Results and Discussion 60.3.1 Potato Peel Characterization 60.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Potato Peel 60.3.3 Assessment of Energy Recovery 60.4 Conclusion References 61 Enhanced Biogas Production from Press Mud Using Molasses-Based Distillery Wastewater as Co-substrates Through an Immobilized Anaerobic Digestion 61.1 Introduction 61.2 Materials and Methods 61.2.1 Substrates Used and Pretreatment 61.2.2 Experimental Design for Co-digestion of Press Mud and DWW 61.2.3 Experimental Design for Biofilm Formation in an Immobilized AD of DWW 61.2.4 Analytical Methods 61.3 Results and Discussion 61.3.1 Methane Yield from Co-digestion of Press Mud and DWW 61.3.2 Biogas Yield from Immobilized AD of DWW in Biofilm Formation 61.4 Conclusion References 62 Biochemical Methane Potential Enhancement Through Biomass Fly Ash Addition 62.1 Introduction 62.2 Material and Methods 62.2.1 Materials 62.2.2 Materials Characterization 62.2.3 Biochemical Methane Potential 62.3 Results and Discussion 62.3.1 Materials Characterization 62.3.2 Biomass Fly Ash as a Nutrient Supplier 62.3.3 Optimization of Biochemical Methane Potential 62.4 Conclusions References Part VIII Energy Policy, Economics, Planning, and Regulation 63 Levelized Cost of Storage of Second-Life Battery Applications in Flanders, Belgium 63.1 Introduction 63.2 Materials and Methods 63.2.1 Levelized Cost of Storage 63.2.2 Use Cases 63.2.3 Cost Data 63.3 Results and Discussion 63.3.1 Residential Use Case 63.3.2 Industrial Use Case 63.3.3 Utility Use Case 63.3.4 Benchmarking 63.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis 63.4 Results References 64 Wind Farms End-of-Life: An Economic Evaluation for Climate Neutrality Through a Literature Review 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Literature Review 64.2.1 Current European Scenario 64.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment 64.2.3 Economic Assessment of the Wind Farms Lifecycle 64.2.4 Economic Assessment of the End-of-Life Phase 64.3 Conclusion References 65 Use Cases for Contextual Load Flexibility Remuneration Strategies 65.1 Introduction 65.2 Definition of Use Cases 65.3 Use Cases 65.3.1 Use Case 1—Local Community Flexibility and Demand Response for Wholesale and Energy System Market Value 65.3.2 Use Case 2—Local Community Market with Flexibility and Demand Response for Energy Community Value 65.3.3 Use Use Case 3—Local Market Flexibility and Demand Response for Grid Value 65.4 Conclusions References 66 European Union Electricity Production and Air Pollution Emissions 66.1 Introduction 66.2 Base Case and Scenarios 66.3 Results and Discussion 66.4 Conclusion References 67 Examining the Financial Performance of Renewable Energy Companies Through a Hybrid Multi-criteria Decision Making Model 67.1 Introduction 67.2 Literature Review 67.3 Methodology and Data 67.3.1 Data and Variables 67.3.2 Methods 67.4 Results 67.5 Conclusion References 68 Natural Gas and H2: The Role of the Iberian Countries to EU Supply Diversification and Decarbonization 68.1 Introduction 68.2 Materials and Methods 68.2.1 H2 as a Tool for Energy Transition and Economic Change 68.2.2 Importance of Natural Gas as a Transition Fuel 68.2.3 Iberian Natural Gas Infrastructures Strategies and Green H2 Initiatives 68.3 Results and Discussion 68.4 Conclusions References 69 Proportions of the Relationship Between Economic Growth Rates and Energy Resources Consumption 69.1 Introduction 69.2 Materials and Methods 69.2.1 Materials 69.2.2 Methods 69.3 Results and Discussion 69.4 Conclusion References 70 Oil Price Fluctuation Effects Over the Timor-Leste Economy 70.1 Introduction 70.2 Data and Methodology 70.3 Empirical Results 70.4 Conclusion References 71 Oil Price Volatility Impacts Over the Timor-Leste Economy 71.1 Introduction 71.2 Data and Methodology 71.3 Empirical Results 71.4 Conclusion References 72 PPE Waste Generation During COVID-19 Pandemic in Guayaquil: Geospatial Distribution and Thermochemical Valorization 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Materials and Methods 72.2.1 Survey Design and Data Gathering 72.2.2 Estimation of PPE Generation 72.2.3 GIS Mapping of Waste PPE 72.3 Results 72.3.1 Population Characteristics 72.3.2 PPE Waste Generation 72.3.3 Geospatial Mapping 72.4 Thermochemical Valorization of PPE Waste 72.5 Conclusions References 73 A Brief Systematic Review of the Literature on the Barriers and Solutions of Renewable Energy Acceleration in Malawi 73.1 Introduction 73.2 Barriers to Renewable Energy Installation 73.2.1 Economic Barriers 73.2.2 Technical Barriers 73.2.3 Market Barriers 73.2.4 Political-Governmental Barriers 73.2.5 Sociocultural Barriers 73.2.6 Ecological and Geographical Barriers 73.3 Suggested Solutions to the Barriers 73.4 Conclusion References Part IX Education for Sustainable Development 74 Perceptions of Domestic Gas Consumption: Effects on the Economy, Urbanization Process and Environmental Proposal 74.1 Introduction 74.2 Materials and Methods 74.2.1 Study Participants 74.2.2 Structure of the Questionnaire 74.3 Results and Discussion 74.3.1 Analysis of the Structure Characterization of the Home 74.3.2 Analysis of the Consumption Structure 74.3.3 Analysis of the Structure of the Future Scenario and Perception of the Home 74.4 Discussion 74.5 Conclusion References 75 Energy Literacy Scale (ELS): Validated Survey Instrument to Measure Energy Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour 75.1 Introduction 75.2 Motivation 75.3 The Instrument Development Framework 75.3.1 Item Generation and Review 75.3.2 Item Pilot Results 75.4 Scale Validation 75.5 Result 75.6 Discussion References 76 The Embodied Energy of Building Envelopes: Filling the Environmental Gap in Energy Performance Certificates 76.1 Introduction 76.2 Literature Review 76.3 Conclusions References 77 Implementation of GIS-AHP Framework for the Identification of Potential Landfill Sites in Bengaluru Metropolitan Region, India 77.1 Introduction 77.2 Literature Review 77.3 Data and Methods 77.3.1 Study Area 77.3.2 Methodology 77.4 Results and Discussions 77.4.1 Preparation of Input Parameters for AHP Based Multi-Criteria Analysis 77.4.2 Preparation of Suitability Index Map for Landfill Site Selection in BMR 77.5 Conclusions References 78 Role of Energy Sources in Achieving Carbon Neutrality Under the Condition of Economic Growth 78.1 Introduction 78.2 Materials 78.3 Methods 78.4 Results and Discussion 78.5 Conclusion References