The 3 Dimensions of Digitalised Archaeology: State-of-the-Art, Data Management and Current Challenges in Archaeological 3D-Documentation

adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional v vii Contents Part I History and Perspectives of 3D Application in Archaeology 1 3D Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: Where Are We Today? . Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I: History and Perspectives of 3D Application in Archaeology Chapter 1: 3D Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: Where Are We Today? References Chapter 2: The Use of 3D Documentation for Investigating Archaeological Artefacts 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Affordability of 3D Scanning 2.3 The Aggregation of Data 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Main Contributors 2.3.3 Deliverables 2.4 Data Management 2.5 The Reasons for Creating 3D Models of Objects in Archaeology 2.6 Disseminating Knowledge 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3: More Than Just Documenting the Past: 15 Years of 3D Scanning at the Archaeological Heritage Office of Saxony 3.1 3D Documentation of Finds 3.2 Examples of Applications 3.3 Data Management 3.4 Knowledge Transfer 3.5 Website Archaeo | 3D 3.6 Fifteen Years of 3D Documentation References Part II: Case Studies Applying 3D Technologies in Archaeology Chapter 4: The Use and Application of SfM-Based Documentation in Excavation and Standing Remains Assessment of the Stabian Baths, Pompeii 4.1 The Stabian Baths in Pompeii 4.2 Digital Methods Employed 4.3 Case Study 1: Archaeology 4.4 Case Study 2: Documenting the Interior of the Men’s Section of the Stabian Baths as the Basis for an Architectural-Historical Analysis 4.5 3D Documentation and Associated Data Beyond Field Seasons and Project Phases: Open Questions References Chapter 5: Defrag Memories: The 3D Spatial Analysis of the Remains of Commemorative Gestures in the Necropolis of Porta Nocera at Pompeii 5.1 Studying Microstratigraphy with 3D Technologies 5.2 Studying Commemorative Gestures 5.3 Enter Harris’s Matrix 5.4 Case Study 5.5 Investigation and Recording Method 5.6 First Results 5.7 The 3D Reconstruction of Funerary Gestures References Part III: Pushing the Boundaries: New Research Questions Chapter 6: Rock Art in Three Dimensions: Comments on the Use and Possibilities of 3D Rock Art Documentation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 2D and 3D Rock Art Recording 6.3 Advantages of 3D Documentation Compared to 2D Recordings 6.4 Problems in 3D Documentation 6.5 Revealing Rock Art 6.6 3D Documentation and Visualization – What Is it Good For? 6.6.1 Preservation 6.6.2 Discovery 6.6.3 Outreach 6.6.4 Going Back to the Rocks 6.6.5 Going Forwards 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Cross-Modal Search and Exploration of Greek Painted Pottery 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods of 3D Data Acquisition of Small-Scale Objects – An Overview 7.3 Applications in Pottery Research – Case Studies 7.3.1 Unwrappings of Painted Curved Surfaces 7.3.2 Shape Comparison 7.3.3 Filling Volume Calculation 7.3.4 Identification of Manufacturing Techniques 7.3.5 Shape-Based Retrieval 7.3.6 Motif-Based Retrieval 7.3.7 Multivariate Structuring of Large Object Collections 7.4 Discussion and Outlook 7.4.1 Challenges 7.4.2 Outlook 7.5 Conclusion References Part IV: Giving Access Chapter 8: Balancing Data Storage and User Functionality: The 3D and Archaeological Data Strategy of the Tracing the Potter’s Wheel Knowledge Hub 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Taking Up Challenges and Forging Strategies 8.3 Current Solutions for 3D Models in Archives 8.3.1 Digital Archives and Platforms 8.3.2 Viewers: Sketchfab and 3DHOP 8.3.2.1 Tagging and Presenting Models 8.3.2.2 Analytical Tools in Model Viewers 8.4 The TPW Pottery Archive 8.4.1 Archive Architecture 8.4.2 Static vs Active 8.5 Knowledge Transfer and Learning Pathways 8.6 Summary 8.7 Future Directions References Chapter 9: Sharing and Caring for the Bioarchaeological Heritage: What Should We Do With 3D Data in the Post-acquisition Stage? 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sampling Strategy 9.3 Providing 3D Models at a Large Scale 9.4 The 3D Collection of Lepenski Vir References Chapter 10: 3D Content in Europeana: The Challenges of Providing Access 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Europeana 10.3 3D Content in Europeana 10.4 Challenges of Providing Access to 3D Content Online 10.4.1 Audiences for 3D 10.4.2 Types of 3D Content 10.4.3 Technology Requirements and Limitations 10.4.4 The Challenges of Interoperability, Usability and Sustainability 10.4.5 Sharing 3D Content Over the Internet 10.5 Challenges for Europeana in Providing Access to 3D Content 10.5.1 Identifying Common Standards and Principles 10.5.2 Enabling 3D Delivery with Europeana’s Platform 10.5.3 Building Capacity, Adding New Content 10.6 Conclusions References Part V: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives Chapter 11: Digital Archaeology Between Hype and Reality: The Results of a Survey on the Use of 3D Technologies in Archaeology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Results 11.2.1 Demographic Data 11.2.2 Importance and Utilisation Objectives 11.2.3 Software and Data Formats Used 11.2.4 Modalities of Archiving 11.2.5 Accessibility of Data 11.2.6 Project Duration and Archiving Timeframe 11.2.7 Guidelines? 11.3 Discussion 11.3.1 Demographic Data 11.3.2 Importance and Objectives of Use 11.3.3 Software and Data Formats 11.3.4 Archiving 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Archiving the Third Dimension: Production, Maintenance and Use of 3D Models in Cultural Heritage Management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Areas of Application of Photogrammetry 12.2.1 Objective Primary Documentation 12.2.2 Localisation and Interpretation 12.2.3 Archaeological Research 12.2.4 Conveying Information to Specialists and the General Public 12.2.5 Summary of User Requirements for a 3D Data Archive 12.3 Archiving Photogrammetry 12.3.1 New Challenges 12.3.2 The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) 12.3.3 The OAIS Archiving Strategy 12.3.4 Pilot Project 2021–2027 12.4 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 13: Concluding Remarks – Coordinates for the Future of Digitalised Archaeology References DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-53032-6.Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made..This open access book aims to provide an overview of state-of-the-art approaches to 3D documentation from a practical perspective and formulate the most important areas for future developments. Bringing together a wide range of case studies, examples of best practice approaches, workflows, and first attempts to establish sustainable solutions to pressing problems, this book offers readers current practical advice on how to approach 3D archaeology and cultural heritage. .Divided into five parts, this book begins with an overview of 3D archaeology in its present state. It goes on to give insights into the development of the technology and recent cutting-edge applications. The next section identifies current challenges in 3D archaeology and then presents approaches and solutions for data management of a large number of 3D objects and ways to ensure sustainable solutions for the archiving of the produced data. This book will be of interest to researchers working in the fields of archaeology, heritage management, and digital humanities in general.