Textbook of Natural Medicine

Covering preventive, non-invasive, and natural treatments, **Textbook of Natural Medicine, 4th Edition** offers more than just alternative medicine. It promotes an integrated practice that can utilize natural medicine, traditional Western medicine, or a combination of both in a comprehensive, scientific treatment plan. Based on a combination of philosophy and clinical studies, **Textbook of Natural Medicine** helps you provide health care that identifies and controls the underlying causes of disease, is supportive of the body's own healing processes, and is considerate of each patient's unique biochemistry. Internationally known authors Joseph Pizzorno and Michael Murray include detailed pharmacologic information on herbs and supplements, plus evidence-based coverage of diseases and conditions to help you make accurate diagnoses and provide effective therapy. * **Comprehensive, unique coverage** makes this book the gold standard in natural medicine. * **A scientific presentation** includes the science behind concepts and treatments, and discusses Western medical treatments and how they can work with natural medicine in a comprehensive treatment plan; if natural medicine is not effective, this book recommends the Western treatment. * **Coverage of pharmacology of natural medicines** includes the uses and potential dangers of nearly 80 herbal medicines, special nutrients, and other natural agents, addressing topics such as general information, chemical composition, history, pharmacology, clinical applications dosage, and toxicology. * **In-depth, evidence-based coverage of 73 diseases and conditions** includes key diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology of diseases, and therapeutic rationales. * **Coverage of potential interactions between drugs, herbs, and supplements** ensures the safest possible use for each of 79 herbs and supplements. * **Diagnostic procedures** include practical, easy-to-follow descriptions of evidence-based techniques plus discussions of clinical application of diet analysis, food allergy testing, immune function assessment, fatty acid profiling, hair mineral analysis, and other diagnostic approaches. * **Common therapeutic modalities** are described and reviewed, including botanical medicine, nutritional therapy, therapeutic fasting, exercise therapy, hydrotherapy, counseling, acupuncture, homeopathy, and soft tissue manipulation. * **Coverage of syndromes and therapies** helps in understanding the underlying causes of diseases by discussing topics such as food reactions, functional toxicology, sports nutrition, stress management, and breathing pattern disorders. * **Coverage of the philosophy of natural medicine** includes its history and background, with discussions of toxicity, detoxification, and scientific documentation of the healing actions of nature and natural substances. * **Internationally known authors Joseph Pizzorno and Michael Murray and more than 90 expert contributors** provide material that is up to date, accurate, and informed. * **More than 10,000 research literature citations** show that the content is based on science rather than opinions or anecdotes. * **13 useful appendices** offer quick lookup of frequently used charts, handouts, and information. * **New chapters** are included on hot topics such as female infertility, medicinal mushrooms, natural products and quality control, pregnancy health and primary prevention, and Vitamin K; **new appendices** include a supplier certification questionnaire and cervical escharotics treatment. * **Thorough updates** ensure that you use only the most current research and provide the most effective treatment of patients. * **Tabs in __Specific Health Problems__ section** separate more than 70 alphabetized diseases/conditions. * **One convenient volume** replaces the cumbersome two-volume set for easy, convenient reference. * **Electronic access is available via Pageburst**, making it easy to search topics, drugs, herbs and supplements, and diseases and conditions. __Sold separately.__ Front Cover 1 Textbook of Natural Medicine 2 Copyright 3 Dedication 4 Contributors 6 Preface 12 Preface to the Third Edition 14 Acknowledgments 16 Contents 18 Section 1 - PHILOSOPHY OF NATURAL MEDICINE 26 Chapter 1 - Eastern Origins of Integrative Medicine and Modern Applications 27 ?INTRODUCTION 27 ?COMPARISON OF EASTERN AND WESTERN MEDICINE: ORIGINS AND PHILOSOPHIES 28 ?MODERN APPLICATIONS: THE AGE OF INTEGRATION 30 ?TOOLS FOR INTEGRATION 31 REFERENCES 32 Chapter 2 - Functional Medicine: A Twenty-First Century Model of Patient Care and Medical Education 33 ?WHAT IS FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE? 33 ?CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL 37 ?INTEGRATION OF CARE 41 REFERENCES 41 Chapter 3 - A Hierarchy of Healing: The Therapeutic Order: A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine 43 ?A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE 43 ?ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY 44 ?MODERN NATUROPATHIC CLINICAL THEORY: THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT 45 ?A THEORY OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE 47 ?ILLNESS AND HEALING AS PROCESS 47 ?THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 50 ?THERAPEUTIC ORDER 50 ?THEORY IN NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE 54 REFERENCES 55 Chapter 4 - The History of Naturopathic Medicine: The Emergence and Evolution of an American School of Healing 59 ?INTRODUCTION 59 ?A BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY AMERICAN MEDICINE WITH AN EMPHASIS ON NATURAL HEALING 60 ?THE FOUNDING OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE 65 ?EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY MEDICINE 73 ?THE MODERN REJUVENATION 80 ?THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY AWAITS 82 REFERENCES 83 Chapter 5 - Philosophy of Naturopathic Medicine 86 ?INTRODUCTION 86 ?MEDICAL PHILOSOPHY 86 ?NATUROPATHIC PHILOSOPHY 91 ?THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTINUUM 92 ?CONCLUSION 92 Chapter 6 - Placebo and the Power to Heal 94 ?INTRODUCTION 94 ?PLACEBO RESPONSE 95 ?WHY STUDY THE PLACEBO EFFECT? 95 ?HISTORY OF PLACEBO 95 ?ORIGIN OF THE TERM PLACEBO 96 ?CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS OF “KNOWN” PLACEBO THERAPY 96 ?PLACEBO MYTHS 97 ?PHARMACODYNAMICS 98 ?PLACEBO HEALING MECHANISMS 98 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 101 ?ETHICS 107 ?CONCLUSION 108 REFERENCES 108 Chapter 7 - Positive Mental Attitude 113 ?INTRODUCTION 113 ?ATTITUDE, PERSONALITY, EMOTIONS, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION 113 ?ATTITUDE AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH 114 ?ATTITUDE AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION 114 ?CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LEARNED OPTIMISM 116 REFERENCES 117 Chapter 8 - Research in Natural Medicine 118 ?WHAT IS NATURAL MEDICINE? 118 ?PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 118 ?METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES 119 ?CRITERIA FOR A PRIORITIZED RESEARCH PROGRAM 124 REFERENCES 124 Section 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 126 Chapter 9 - Apoptosis Assessment 127 ?INTRODUCTION 127 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 130 ?CONCLUSIONS 131 REFERENCES 132 Chapter 10 - Bacterial Overgrowth of the Small Intestine Breath Test 133 ?INTRODUCTION 133 ?LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 135 ?TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH 136 REFERENCES 137 Chapter 11 - Cell Signaling Analysis 139 ?INTRODUCTION 139 ?THE CELL CYCLE 139 ?FLOW CYTOMETRY TO ASSESS CELL CYCLE STATUS 140 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 140 REFERENCES 141 Chapter 12 - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 142 ?INTRODUCTION 142 ?ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION 142 ?PROCEDURES 143 ?INTERPRETATION 143 REFERENCES 145 ?SUMMARY 145 Chapter 13 - Fantus Test 146 ?INTRODUCTION 146 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 146 ?PROCEDURE 147 ?INTERPRETATION 147 REFERENCES 148 Chapter 14 - Fatty Acid Profiling 149 ?INTRODUCTION 149 ?METHODOLOGIC ISSUES 149 ?INTERPRETATION OF ABNORMAL FATTY ACID RESULTS 150 ?SUMMARY 154 REFERENCES 155 Chapter 15 - Food Allergies 156 ?INTRODUCTION 156 ?IMMUNOLOGY OF FOOD ALLERGIES 157 ?FOOD ALLERGY TESTING METHODS 158 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR FOOD ALLERGY TESTING 161 ?CONCLUSIONS 161 REFERENCES 161 Chapter 16 - Genomics, Nutrigenomics, Nutrigenetics, and the Path of Personalized Medicine 165 ?INTRODUCTION 165 ?GENES AND ENVIRONMENT—NATURE AND NURTURE 165 ?WHY DO POLYMORPHISMS EXIST? 166 ?NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 166 ?NATURE VERSUS NURTURE 167 ?THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF NUTRIGENOMICS AND NUTRIGENETICS 168 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION OF NUTRIGENETICS 169 ?GENOMIC TESTING 171 ?SUMMARY 172 REFERENCES 173 Chapter 17 - Hair Mineral Analysis 175 ?INTRODUCTION 175 ?SPECIFIC MINERALS 176 ?DRUG ABUSE 177 ?RATIOS 177 ?DISCUSSION 177 REFERENCES 178 Chapter 18 - Heidelberg pH Capsule Gastric Analysis 182 ?INTRODUCTION 182 ?PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH 182 ?PROCEDURE 183 ?INTERPRETATION 183 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 183 ?INDICATIONS 184 ?CONCLUSION 184 REFERENCES 185 Chapter 19 - Immune Function Assessment 186 ?ASSESSMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 186 ?MEASUREMENT OF ANTIBODIES 186 ?MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEMENT AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN 189 ?MEASUREMENT OF CELLS 189 ?CYTOKINES 191 ?GENETICS 191 ?CLINICAL SYMPTOMS 192 ?SUMMARY 192 REFERENCES 193 Chapter 20 - Intestinal Permeability Assessment 194 ?INTRODUCTION 194 ?GUT MUCOSAL INTEGRITY: MECHANISMS OF DISRUPTION 194 ?MEASURING INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY 197 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 198 ?CONCLUSION 200 REFERENCES 201 Chapter 21 - Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Vitamin Status 204 ?INTRODUCTION 204 ?ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN STATUS 204 ?CONCLUSION 206 REFERENCES 207 Chapter 22 - Lactose Malabsorption Testing 209 ?INTRODUCTION 209 ?PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 210 ?ADULT-TYPE (PRIMARY) LACTOSE DEFICIENCY 210 ?ACQUIRED (SECONDARY) LACTASE DEFICIENCY 210 ?CONGENITAL LACTASE DEFICIENCY 210 ?LACTOSE INTOLERANCE VERSUS DAIRY ALLERGY 211 ?DIAGNOSIS OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE 211 ?OTHER TYPES OF SUGAR INTOLERANCES 213 ?SUMMARY 213 REFERENCES 213 Chapter 23 - Metal Toxicity: Assessment of Exposure and Retention 216 ?INTRODUCTION 216 ?ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC METAL EXPOSURE 217 ?ASSESSMENT OF RETENTION: URINALYSIS, PROVOCATION TESTS 219 ?FECAL METALS ANALYSIS 221 ?CONCLUSION 221 REFERENCES 222 Chapter 24 - Mineral Status Evaluation 225 ?INTRODUCTION 225 ?MINERALS AND DISEASE 226 ?ESSENTIAL MINERALS 226 ?CONCLUSION 228 REFERENCES 229 Chapter 25 - Oral Manifestations of Nutritional Status 231 ?INTRODUCTION 231 ?THE HEALTHY MOUTH 231 ?ABNORMALITIES OF THE ORAL MEMBRANES 231 REFERENCES 233 Chapter 26 - Rapid Dark Adaptation Test 234 ?INTRODUCTION 234 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 234 ?PROCEDURE 234 ?INTERPRETATION 235 REFERENCES 235 Chapter 27 - Biomarkers for Stool Analysis 236 ?INTRODUCTION 236 ?OVERVIEW OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 236 ?DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 101 237 ?ASSESSING GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH: DIG 238 ?DIGESTION/ABSORPTION 238 ?IMMUNOLOGY/INFLAMMATION/INFECTIOUS PROCESSES 239 ?GUT MICROFLORA BALANCE 240 ?BIOMARKERS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA BALANCE AND METABOLIC FUNCTION 241 ?SUMMARY 243 REFERENCES 244 Chapter 28 - Urinary Organic Acids Profiling for Assessment of Functional Nutrient Deficiencies, Gut Dysbiosis, and Toxicity 249 ?INTRODUCTION 249 ?URINARY ORGANICS PROFILING 249 ?FATTY ACID OXIDATION 249 ?CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 252 ?CENTRAL ENERGY PATHWAY INTERMEDIATES 252 ?B-COMPLEX INSUFFICIENCY MARKERS 253 ?INDICATORS OF A SPECIFIC VITAMIN DEFICIENCY 253 ?NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLISM 253 ?INDICATORS OF DETOXIFICATION FUNCTION 254 ?PRODUCTS OF GUT MICROFLORA 255 ?SUMMARY 255 REFERENCES 256 Chapter 29 - Urinary Porphyrins for the Detection of Heavy Metal and Toxic Chemical Exposure 259 ?INTRODUCTION 259 ?DEFINITIONS 259 ?PORPHYRIAS 261 ?PORPHYRINOPATHIES 261 ?CONCLUSION 262 REFERENCES 262 Chapter 30 - Urine Indican Test (Obermeyer Test) 263 ?INTRODUCTION 263 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 263 ?INTERPRETATION 264 ?CONCLUSION 264 Section 3 - THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES 266 Chapter 31 - Acupuncture 267 ?INTRODUCTION 267 ?HISTORY 269 ?FUNDAMENTALS OF ACUPUNCTURE 269 ?ACUPUNCTURE SCOPE OF PRACTICE 270 ?ACUPUNCTURE SAFETY 270 ?EVIDENCE-BASED ACUPUNCTURE 271 REFERENCES 272 Chapter 32 - Ayurveda: The Science of Life and Mother of the Healing Arts 273 ?INTRODUCTION 273 ?HISTORY 273 ?THE MAJOR SCHOOLS AND SPECIALTIES 273 ?PHILOSOPHY 274 ?PHYSIOLOGY 275 ?HEALTH AND DISEASE 277 ?MODES OF THERAPY 277 ?RESEARCH 278 ?AYURVEDIC AND MODERN MEDICINE 278 ?SUMMARY 279 REFERENCES 279 Chapter 33 - Botanical Medicine—A Modern Perspective 280 ?INTRODUCTION 280 ?THE ROLE OF HERBS IN MODERN PHARMACY 280 ?THE STUDY OF HERBAL MEDICINE 282 ?FINAL COMMENTS 284 REFERENCES 285 Chapter 34 - Botanical Medicine—Understanding Herbal Preparations 286 ?INTRODUCTION 286 ?ANALYTIC METHODS 288 ?QUALITY CONTROL IN HERBAL PRODUCTS 289 ?FINAL COMMENTS 289 REFERENCES 290 Chapter 35 - Environmental Medicine 291 ?ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIC LOAD 291 ?HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS 292 ?DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 297 ?TREATMENT METHODS 297 ?SUMMARY 300 REFERENCES 301 Chapter 36 - The Exercise Prescription 305 ?INTRODUCTION 305 ?EXERCISE IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT 305 ?A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON MOVEMENT 306 ?STANDARDS OF MOVEMENT 306 ?NEW INSIGHTS ON EXERCISE FOR WEIGHT LOSS 307 ?MUSCLE–BODY MESSENGERS AND INFLAMMATION 310 ?TESTOSTERONE AND HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE 311 ?EXERCISE APPROACHES TO INFLAMMATION 312 ?EXERCISE AND THE HEART 313 ?EXERCISE AND BONE 314 ?EXERCISE AND CANCER 314 ?EXERCISE FOR THE BRAIN AND MOOD 315 ?EXERCISE AND ANXIETY 315 ?EXERCISE AND MEMORY 315 ?SUMMARY 315 REFERENCES 315 Chapter 37 - Fasting 321 ?INTRODUCTION 321 ?HISTORY 321 ?PHYSIOLOGY 322 ?RESEARCH 323 ?APPLICATION 325 ?LABORATORY VALUES 326 ?CONTRAINDICATIONS 327 ?SIDE EFFECTS 327 ?CONCLUSION 328 REFERENCES 328 Chapter 38 - Glandular Therapy 331 ?INTRODUCTION 331 ?METHODS OF MANUFACTURE OF GLANDULAR PREPARATIONS 331 ?SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY 332 ?EVIDENCE FOR INTACT PROTEIN ABSORPTION 332 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 332 ?SUMMARY 336 REFERENCES 337 Chapter 39 - Homeopathy 339 ?INTRODUCTION 339 ?HISTORY 339 ?PHILOSOPHY 340 ?THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF HOMEOPATHIC PRINCIPLES 341 ?RESEARCH IN HOMEOPATHY 345 ?SUMMARY 347 REFERENCES 348 CHAPTER 40 - Hydrotherapy* 352 ?HISTORY 352 ?PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF WATER 353 ?GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR HYDROTHERAPY 356 ?HYDROTHERAPY TECHNIQUES 357 ?SUMMARY 361 REFERENCES 361 Chapter 41 - Manipulation 363 ?THERAPEUTIC KEYS 363 ?HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 363 ?SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN MANIPULATION 364 ?IS MANUAL MEDICINE THE RIGHT TREATMENT? 365 ?PRETREATMENT ASSESSMENT 367 ?TREATMENT CONCEPTS 369 REFERENCES 370 FURTHER READING 371 Chapter 42 - Nonpharmacologic Control of Pain 372 ?INTRODUCTION 372 ?THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN 372 ?PAIN CONTROL 373 ?SUMMARY 377 REFERENCES 377 Chapter 43 - Nontransfusion Significance of ABO and ABO-Associated Polymorphisms 380 ?INTRODUCTION 380 ?BACKGROUND 380 ?PATHOLOGIC PROCESS AND ABO BLOOD GROUPS 385 ?BLOOD GROUPS AND DIETARY LECTINS 388 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ABO POLYMORPHISM 392 ?SUMMARY 393 REFERENCES 393 Chapter 44 - Nutritional Medicine 399 ?INTRODUCTION 399 ?EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION 399 ?TRENDS IN U.S. FOOD CONSUMPTION 401 ?THE GOVERNMENT AND NUTRITION EDUCATION 401 ?THE OPTIMAL HEALTH FOOD PYRAMID 402 ?NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION 407 ?SUMMARY 408 REFERENCES 408 Chapter 45 - Peat Therapeutics and Balneotherapy 410 ?INTRODUCTION 410 ?BALNEOLOGY 410 ?PEAT THERAPEUTICS 411 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 413 ?CLINICAL PROCEDURES 414 ?SUMMARY 417 REFERENCES 417 Chapter 46 - Rotation Diet: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool 420 ?INTRODUCTION 420 ?THE ELIMINATION DIET 420 ?THE DIVERSIFIED ROTATION DIET 422 REFERENCE 423 CHAPTER 47 - SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION: AN OVERVIEW OF DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPIES* 424 ?HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION: THE BIG PICTURE 425 ?DEFINITION: FUNCTIONAL SOFT TISSUE 425 ?SOFT TISSUE PATHOLOGIES 425 ?SUMMARY 427 REFERENCES 427 Chapter 48 - Spirituality and Healing* 429 ?INTRODUCTION 429 ?THE CONCEPTUAL GROUND FOR THE EFFICACY OF SPIRIT IN HEALING 430 ?THE HEALING EFFECTS OF PRAYER—EVIDENCE OF THE NONLOCAL ACTIVITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 432 ?SPECIFIC AREAS IN WHICH PRAYER AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY HAVE BEEN SHOWN EFFECTIVE IN HUMANS 432 ?SPIRITUALITY—THE PROVINCE OF PHYSICIANS? 437 ?IMPROVING HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS’ ABILITY TO INCLUDE SPIRITUALITY IN HEALTH CARE 438 ?THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION: INTEGRATING SPIRITUALITY INTO MEDICAL PRACTICE 438 ?EFFECTIVE PRAYER 439 ?SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 439 ?ILLNESS, THE GIFT OF SPIRITUAL HEALING 439 ?THE EXPERIENCE OF SPIRIT 439 ?SUMMARY 440 REFERENCES 441 Chapter 49 - Unani Medicine 444 ?INTRODUCTION 444 ?HISTORY 445 ?UNANI MEDICAL THEORY IN PRINCIPLE 449 ?UNANI MEDICAL THEORY IN PRACTICE 454 ?SUMMARY 458 REFERENCES 461 Section 4 - SYNDROMES AND SPECIAL TOPICS 464 Chapter 50 - Cancer—Integrated Naturopathic Support 465 ?DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY 465 ?GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 465 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 468 ?SURGERY 470 ?RADIATION 479 ?ANTIOXIDANTS DURING CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION 480 ?DRUG–NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS 481 ?DIET FOR CANCER PATIENTS 481 ?SECONDARY PREVENTION 481 ?SUMMARY 482 REFERENCES 483 Chapter 51 - Chronic Candidiasis 487 ?INTRODUCTION 487 ?GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 487 ?DIAGNOSIS 488 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 488 ?THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 492 REFERENCES 493 Chapter 52 - Dietary Fiber 494 ?INTRODUCTION 494 ?FIBER 494 ?MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF DIETARY FIBER 495 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 497 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 497 REFERENCES 498 Chapter 53 - Functional Toxicology 500 ?INTRODUCTION 500 ?COMMON TOXINS THAT AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH 500 ?MECHANISMS OF TOXIC INJURY 503 ?BIOCHEMICAL INDIVIDUALITY AND TOXIC RESPONSE 504 ?ASSESSING THE TOXICOLOGICALLY IMPAIRED PATIENT 506 ?DETOXIFICATION 507 REFERENCES 509 Chapter 54 - Homocysteine Metabolism: Nutritional Modulation and Impact on Health and Disease 513 ?INTRODUCTION 513 ?HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM 513 ?RENAL FUNCTION 518 ?IMPACT OF HOMOCYSTEINE ON KEY NUTRIENTS 518 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 521 ?DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 525 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 525 REFERENCES 526 Chapter 55 - Hyperventilation Syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders 530 ?INTRODUCTION 530 ?DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 533 ?SUMMARY 539 REFERENCES 539 Chapter 56 - Immune Support 541 ?INTRODUCTION 541 ?THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW 541 ?PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY 541 ?LIFESTYLE 542 ?NUTRITIONAL FACTORS 542 ?ENHANCING THYMUS FUNCTION 545 ?BOTANICALS 546 ?THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 546 REFERENCES 547 Chapter 57 - Intestinal Protozoan Infestation and Systemic Illness 549 ?INTRODUCTION 549 ?PROTOZOA 549 ?DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 550 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 550 ?CONCLUSION 550 REFERENCES 551 Chapter 58 - Maldigestion 553 ?INTRODUCTION 553 ?THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS 553 REFERENCES 555 Chapter 59 - Sports Nutrition 557 ?NUTRITION AND PERFORMANCE 557 ?ASSESSMENT 560 ?CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ERGOGENIC AIDS 561 ?GENERAL HEALTH CONCERNS FOR ATHLETES 561 ?NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS 561 REFERENCES 567 Chapter 60 - Stress Management 572 ?INTRODUCTION 572 ?THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME 572 ?STRESS: A HEALTHY VIEW 573 ?DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 573 ?THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 573 ?NUTRITIONAL AND BOTANICAL SUPPORT 577 REFERENCES 578 Section 5 - PHARMACOLOGY OF NATURAL MEDICINES 580 Chapter 61 - Alkylglycerols 583 ?INTRODUCTION 583 ?HISTORY 583 ?BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 584 ?IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF ALKYLGLYCEROLS 585 ?CLINICAL USES OF ALKYLGLYCEROLS 585 ?INDICATIONS AND DOSAGE 587 ?TOXICOLOGY OF THE ALKYLGLYCEROLS 587 ?CONCLUSIONS 588 REFERENCES 588 Chapter 62 - Allium cepa (Onion) 590 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 590 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 590 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 590 ?PHARMACOLOGY 591 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION AND DOSAGE 592 ?TOXICOLOGY 592 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 592 REFERENCES 592 Chapter 63 - Allium sativum (Garlic) 594 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 594 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 594 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 594 ?PHARMACOLOGY 595 ?COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS 596 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 597 ?DOSAGE 598 ?TOXICITY 598 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 599 REFERENCES 599 Chapter 64 - Aloe vera (Cape Aloe) 602 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 602 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 602 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 603 ?PHARMACOLOGY 604 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 605 ?DOSAGE 609 ?TOXICOLOGY 609 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 609 REFERENCES 609 Chapter 65 - Angelica Species 612 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 612 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 612 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 613 ?PHARMACOLOGY 613 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 614 ?DOSAGE 614 ?TOXICOLOGY 614 REFERENCES 615 Chapter 66 - Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) 616 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 616 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 616 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 616 ?PHARMACOLOGY 617 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 618 ?DOSAGE 618 ?TOXICITY 618 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 618 REFERENCES 618 Chapter 67 - Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood) 620 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 620 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 620 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 620 ?PHARMACOLOGY 620 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 621 ?DOSAGE 622 ?TOXICITY 622 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 622 REFERENCES 622 Chapter 68 - Bee Products—Pollen, Propolis, and Royal Jelly 624 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 624 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 624 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 624 ?PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 624 ?DOSAGE 625 ?TOXICITY 625 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 625 REFERENCES 626 Chapter 69 - Beta-Carotene and Other Carotenoids 627 ?INTRODUCTION 627 ?DIETARY SOURCES 627 ?METABOLISM 628 ?PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES 629 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 630 ?DOSAGE 633 ?TOXICITY 633 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 633 REFERENCES 634 CHAPTER 70 - Boron* 636 ?SOURCES 636 ?METABOLISM 637 ?DEFICIENCY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 638 ?NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS 639 ?HORMONE INTERACTIONS 640 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 640 ?DOSAGE 641 ?TOXICOLOGY 641 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 642 ?SUMMARY 642 REFERENCES 642 Chapter 71 - Bromelain* 645 ?INTRODUCTION 645 ?BROMELAIN SUPPLEMENTS 645 ?ENTERAL ABSORPTION (OR RESORPTION) 646 ?FACTORS AFFECTING BROMELAIN ACTIVITY 646 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 646 ?DOSAGE 649 ?SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 649 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 649 ?CONCLUSION 649 REFERENCES 650 FURTHER READING 651 Chapter 72 - Camellia sinensis (Green Tea) 652 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 652 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 652 ?PHARMACOLOGY 653 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 654 ?PHOTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS 656 ?ORAL CAVITY DISEASES 656 ?DOSAGE 656 ?TOXICITY 656 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 656 REFERENCES 656 Chapter 73 - Capsicum frutescens (Cayenne Pepper) 658 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 658 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 658 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 658 ?PHARMACOLOGY 658 ?DOSAGE 660 ?TOXICITY 661 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 661 REFERENCES 661 Chapter 74 - Carnitine 663 ?INTRODUCTION 663 ?BIOSYNTHESIS 663 ?METABOLISM 663 ?PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS 664 ?DEFICIENCY 664 ?CARNITINE AS A NUTRIENT 665 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 665 ?DOSAGE 670 ?TOXICOLOGY 670 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 670 REFERENCES 670 Chapter 75 - Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) 674 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 674 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 674 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 674 ?PHARMACOLOGY 675 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 675 ?DOSAGE 677 ?TOXICOLOGY 677 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 677 REFERENCES 678 Chapter 76 - Chinese Prepared Medicines 680 ?INTRODUCTION 680 ?GLOBAL MARKET 681 ?FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS 681 ?DISPENSARY GUIDE 683 REFERENCES 683 Chapter 77 - Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) 685 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 685 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 685 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 685 ?PHARMACOLOGY 685 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 686 ?DOSAGE 688 ?TOXICOLOGY 688 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 688 REFERENCES 688 Chapter 78 - Citicoline (CDP-Choline) 690 ?INTRODUCTION 690 ?BIOAVAILABILITY/PHARMACOKINETICS 690 ?MECHANISM OF ACTION 692 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 692 ?EYE HEALTH AND VISUAL FUNCTION 695 ?EMERGING CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 696 ?SAFETY AND DOSING 697 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 697 ?CONCLUSIONS 697 REFERENCES 698 Chapter 79 - Coenzyme Q10 700 ?INTRODUCTION 700 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 702 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 706 REFERENCES 707 Chapter 80 - Coleus forskohlii 710 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 710 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 710 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 710 ?PHARMACOLOGY 710 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 711 ?OTHER CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 712 ?DOSAGE 713 ?TOXICOLOGY 713 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 713 REFERENCES 713 Chapter 81 - Commiphora mukul (Mukul Myrrh Tree) 715 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 715 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 715 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 715 ?PHARMACOLOGY 716 ?DOSAGE 717 ?TOXICOLOGY 717 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 717 REFERENCES 717 Chapter 82 - Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn) 719 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 719 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 719 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 719 ?PHARMACOLOGY 719 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 720 ?DOSAGE 721 ?TOXICOLOGY 721 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 721 REFERENCES 722 Chapter 83 - Croton lechleri (Dragon’s Blood) 723 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 723 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 723 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 723 ?PHARMACOLOGY 723 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 724 REFERENCES 725 Chapter 84 - Curcuma longa (Turmeric) 727 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 727 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 727 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 727 ?PHARMACOLOGY 727 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 730 ?DOSAGE 731 ?TOXICOLOGY 731 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 731 REFERENCES 732 Chapter 85 - Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 734 ?INTRODUCTION 734 ?DHEA BIOCHEMISTRY 734 ?DHEA IMMUNOLOGY 735 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 736 ?DOSAGE 739 ?TOXICITY 739 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 739 ?SUMMARY 739 REFERENCES 739 Chapter 86 - Echinacea Species (Narrow-Leafed Purple Coneflower) 743 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 743 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 743 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 745 ?PHARMACOLOGY 745 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 747 ?COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS 749 ?DOSAGE 749 ?TOXICOLOGY 749 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 750 REFERENCES 750 Chapter 87 - Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng) 752 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 752 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 752 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 752 ?PHARMACOLOGY 753 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 754 ?DOSAGE 755 ?TOXICOLOGY 755 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 755 REFERENCES 755 Chapter 88 - Ephedra Species* 756 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 756 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 756 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 756 ?PHARMACOLOGY 757 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 757 ?DOSAGE 758 ?TOXICOLOGY 758 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 758 REFERENCES 759 Chapter 89 - Epilobium Species (Fireweed) 760 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 760 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 760 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 760 ?PHARMACOLOGY 761 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 761 ?DOSAGE 761 ?TOXICOLOGY 761 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 761 REFERENCES 762 Chapter 90 - Fatty Acid Metabolism 763 ?FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM 763 ?CONTROL OF FATTY ACID SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 767 ?FATTY ACIDS AND HUMAN DISEASES 767 REFERENCES 769 Chapter 91 - Fish Oils (Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Docosahexaenoic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Dietary Fish, and Fish Oils) 770 ?INTRODUCTION 770 ?DESCRIPTION 771 ?PHARMACOLOGY 773 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 774 ?TOXICITY AND TOXIN CONTAMINATION 785 ?DOSAGE 787 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 787 ?CONCLUSION 787 REFERENCES 788 Chapter 92 - Flavonoids—Quercetin, Citrus Flavonoids, and Hydroxyethylrutosides 797 ?INTRODUCTION 797 ?HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 797 ?CHEMICAL DESCRIPTIONS 797 ?PHARMACOLOGY 798 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 800 ?COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FORMS 802 ?DOSAGES 802 ?TOXICITY 802 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 802 REFERENCES 803 Chapter 93 - Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo Tree) 805 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 805 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 805 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 805 ?PHARMACOLOGY 806 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 808 ?DOSAGE 812 ?TOXICITY 812 REFERENCES 812 Chapter 94 - Glucosamine 815 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 815 ?AVAILABLE FORMS 815 ?GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE VERSUS N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE 815 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 816 ?DOSAGE 819 ?SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY 819 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 819 REFERENCES 819 Chapter 95 - Glutamine 821 ?INTRODUCTION 821 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 822 ?DOSAGE 826 ?TOXICITY 826 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 826 REFERENCES 826 Chapter 96 - Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) 829 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 829 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 829 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 829 ?PHARMACOLOGY 829 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 831 ?DEGLYCYRRHIZINATED LICORICE 831 ?ORAL LICORICE PREPARATIONS CONTAINING GLYCYRRHIZIN 832 ?LICORICE FLAVONOID OIL 833 ?TOPICAL APPLICATIONS 833 ?DOSAGE 834 ?TOXICOLOGY 834 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 834 REFERENCES 835 Chapter 97 - Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) and Other Berberine-Containing Botanicals 838 ?INTRODUCTION 838 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 838 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 838 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 839 ?PHARMACOLOGY 839 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 841 ?DOSAGE 842 ?TOXICITY 843 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 843 REFERENCES 843 Chapter 98 - 5-Hydroxytryptophan 845 ?INTRODUCTION 845 ?TRYPTOPHAN AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM 845 ?PHARMACOLOGY 845 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 846 ?DOSAGE 854 ?TOXICOLOGY 854 REFERENCES 855 Chapter 99 - Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) 858 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 858 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 858 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 859 ?PHARMACOLOGY 859 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 861 ?DOSAGE 863 ?TOXICITY 863 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 864 REFERENCES 864 Chapter 100 - Lobelia inflata (Indian Tobacco) 867 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 867 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 867 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 867 ?PHARMACOLOGY 867 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 868 ?DOSAGE 868 ?TOXICOLOGY 868 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 868 REFERENCES 868 Chapter 101 - Medicinal Mushrooms 869 ?INTRODUCTION 869 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 869 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 869 ?INDIVIDUAL MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS 871 ?TOXICOLOGY 872 ?DOSAGE 872 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 872 ?SUMMARY 872 REFERENCES 872 Chapter 102 - Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) 877 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 877 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 877 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 877 ?PHARMACOLOGY 878 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 878 ?DOSAGE 880 ?TOXICITY 880 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 880 REFERENCES 880 Chapter 103 - Melatonin 882 ?INTRODUCTION 882 ?PHARMACOKINETICS 882 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 882 ?DOSAGE 889 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 889 REFERENCES 890 Chapter 104 - Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) 893 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 893 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 893 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 893 ?PHARMACOLOGY 893 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 894 ?DOSAGE 894 ?TOXICOLOGY 895 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 895 REFERENCES 895 Chapter 105 - Mentha piperita (Peppermint) 897 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 897 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 897 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 897 ?PHARMACOLOGY 897 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 898 ?DOSAGE 899 ?TOXICOLOGY 899 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 899 REFERENCES 899 Chapter 106 - Microbial Enzyme Therapy: Clinical Applications of Fungal Enzymes 901 ?INTRODUCTION 901 ?DIGESTIVE ENZYME DEFICIENCIES 901 ?ACID-STABLE FUNGAL ENZYMES 902 ?TREATMENT OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE 903 ?IMPROVING NUTRIENT ABSORPTION 903 ?TREATMENT OF VASCULAR DISEASE 903 ?PHARMACOLOGY OF FUNGAL PROTEASE 903 ?FOOD ALLERGIES 904 ?SUMMARY 904 REFERENCES 905 Chapter 107 - Natural Product Quality Control 907 ?BACKGROUND 907 ?STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 908 ?THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION 908 ?THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL 909 ?CONTAMINANT TESTING 910 ?FINISHED PRODUCT EXPIRATION DATE AND STABILITY TESTING 911 ?ASSESSING QUALITY VIA COMPREHENSIVE TESTING 912 ?SUPPLIER CERTIFICATION AND SKIP LOT TESTING 912 ?LABORATORY TESTING AND LABORATORY QUALITY 912 ?ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED ADULTERATION 913 ?RESIDUAL CHEMICAL SOLVENTS IN DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 913 ?THE BUYING DECISION 914 ?DIETARY SUPPLEMENT PRICING AND QUALITY 914 ?CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE CERTIFIED PROGRAMS 914 REFERENCES 915 Chapter 108 - Naturally Occurring Antioxidants 916 ?FREE RADICALS AND NONRADICAL OXIDANTS 916 ?ANTIOXIDANTS 919 ?THERAPEUTIC USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS 927 ?FUTURE DIRECTIONS 930 REFERENCES 930 Chapter 109 - Opuntia Species (Prickly Pear) 940 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 940 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 940 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 940 ?PHARMACOLOGY 941 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 941 ?DOSAGE 942 ?TOXICOLOGY 942 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 942 REFERENCES 942 Chapter 110 - Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng) 944 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 944 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 944 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 945 ?PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL INDICATIONS 945 ?TOXICOLOGY 950 ?DOSAGE 950 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 951 REFERENCES 951 Chapter 111 - Pancreatic Enzymes 955 ?INTRODUCTION 955 ?HISTORY 955 ?PANCREATIC ENZYME SUPPLEMENTS 956 ?ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS 956 ?FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY 957 ?MEASURING ENZYME ACTIVITY 958 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 958 ?DOSAGE 962 ?TOXICOLOGY 962 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 964 ?CONCLUSION 964 REFERENCES 964 Chapter 112 - Phage Therapy: Bacteriophages as Natural, Self-limiting Antibiotics 970 ?INTRODUCTION 970 ?HISTORICAL CONTEXT 970 ?PROPERTIES OF BACTERIOPHAGES 972 ?PHAGE INTERACTIONS IN THE BODY 974 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 975 ?TOXICOLOGY 978 ?DOSING STRATEGY 979 ?CONCLUSION 979 ?ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 979 REFERENCES 980 Chapter 113 - Phosphatidylserine 982 ?INTRODUCTION 982 ?PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES 982 ?PHARMACOLOGY 983 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 983 ?DOSAGE 983 ?TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 983 REFERENCES 984 Chapter 114 - Piper methysticum (Kava) 985 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 985 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 985 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 985 ?PHARMACOLOGY 987 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 987 ?DOSAGE 988 ?SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICOLOGY 988 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 989 REFERENCES 989 Chapter 115 - Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Colonic Foods 991 ?INTRODUCTION 991 ?FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES 991 ?GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES 995 ?LACTULOSE 996 ?SYNBIOTICS 999 ?COLONIC FOODS 999 REFERENCES 1000 Chapter 116 - Probiotics 1004 ?INTRODUCTION 1004 ?DESCRIPTION 1004 ?PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION 1005 ?PROBIOTIC CHARACTERISTICS 1005 ?COMMERCIAL FORMS 1007 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1008 ?USING THE RIGHT STRAIN 1008 ?DOSAGE 1008 ?TOXICITY 1014 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1014 REFERENCES 1015 Chapter 117 - Procyanidolic Oligomers 1020 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1020 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1020 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1020 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1020 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1022 ?DOSAGE 1024 ?TOXICITY 1024 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1024 REFERENCES 1024 Chapter 118 - Pygeum africanum (Bitter Almond) 1026 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1026 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1026 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1026 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1026 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1027 ?DOSAGE 1029 ?TOXICOLOGY 1029 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1029 REFERENCES 1029 Chapter 119 - Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher’s Broom) 1031 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1031 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1031 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1031 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1031 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1032 ?DOSAGE 1035 ?TOXICOLOGY 1035 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1035 REFERENCES 1035 Chapter 120 - SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) 1037 ?INTRODUCTION 1037 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1037 ?CLINICAL INDICATIONS 1037 ?DOSAGE 1040 ?TOXICOLOGY 1040 ?INTERACTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS 1040 REFERENCES 1041 Chapter 121 - Sarsaparilla Species 1043 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1043 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1043 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1043 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1044 ?CLINICAL APPLICATION 1044 ?DOSAGE 1044 ?TOXICOLOGY 1044 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1044 REFERENCES 1045 Chapter 122 - Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) 1046 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1046 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1046 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1046 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1046 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1047 ?TOXICOLOGY 1049 ?DRUG INTERACTIONS 1049 REFERENCES 1049 Chapter 123 - Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) 1051 ?GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1051 ?CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 1051 ?HISTORY AND FOLK USE 1051 ?PHARMACOLOGY 1051 ?CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1053 ?DOSAGE 1054 ?TOXICITY 1054 R Covering preventive, non-invasive, and natural treatments, this 4th Edition offers more than just alternative medicine. It promotes an integrated practice that can utilize natural medicine, traditional Western medicine, or a combination of both in a comprehensive, scientific treatment plan. Based on a combination of philosophy and clinical studies, this book helps you provide health care that identifies and controls the underlying causes of disease, is supportive of the body's own healing processes, and is considerate of each patient's unique biochemistry. Internationally known authors Joseph Pizzorno and Michael Murray include detailed pharmacologic information on herbs and supplements, plus evidence-based coverage of diseases and conditions to help you make accurate diagnoses and provide effective therapy. 13 useful appendices offer quick lookup of frequently used charts, handouts, and information. New chapters are included on hot topics such as female infertility, medicinal mushrooms, natural products and quality control, pregnancy health and primary prevention, and Vitamin K; new appendices include a supplier certification questionnaire and cervical escharotics treatment. Thorough updates ensure that you use only the most current research and provide the most effective treatment of patients. Tabs in Specific Health Problems section separate more than 70 alphabetized diseases/conditions. One convenient volume replaces the cumbersome two-volume set for easy, convenient reference