Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry (Cambridge Medicine (Paperback))

Cultural psychiatry is concerned with understanding the impact of social and cultural differences and similarities on mental illness and its treatments. A person's cultural characteristics can often lead to misunderstandings, influenced by language, non-verbal styles, codes of etiquette and assumptions. There may also be perceived misconceptions and differences in beliefs and values. In order to provide appropriate, sensitive and acceptable services for different cultural groups, all service providers need to take these factors into account. Written by leading clinicians and academics from around the world, and integrating both practical and theoretical knowledge, the Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry provides a framework for the provision of mental healthcare in a multi-cultural/ multi-racial society and global economy. It will be essential reading for those providing mental healthcare, or who are involved in the organisation and management of services. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 11 Foreword......Page 17 Preface......Page 19 PART I Theoretical background......Page 21 Introduction......Page 23 The uses of culture......Page 24 Comparative psychiatry and the legacy of colonialism......Page 25 Cultural essentialism and racism in psychiatry......Page 28 Ethnocultural diversity: settler societies and indigenous peoples......Page 29 Anthropology of psychiatry......Page 30 The contribution of psychological anthropology......Page 31 Conclusiona world in flux......Page 33 References......Page 34 Introduction......Page 40 Defining the convergence......Page 41 Theory, method and clinical relevance......Page 42 Shared research agendas......Page 43 Concluding considerations......Page 46 References......Page 47 Introduction......Page 53 Canadian Aboriginals......Page 54 Aboriginals of the South Pacific......Page 56 Women in Asia......Page 57 Adult males in Quebec......Page 59 Conclusions......Page 60 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 63 Cultural psychiatry and the social health sciences......Page 64 The Problem Portrait Technique......Page 65 Depression: a classic debate in cultural psychiatry......Page 68 Acculturation......Page 71 Health and acculturation......Page 72 Practitioner-client communication......Page 73 Rethinking culture and pathology......Page 75 References......Page 77 Introduction......Page 79 Do spirituality and religiosity need to be distinguished?......Page 80 What role has spirituality played in psychiatry?......Page 81 Can we distinguish spiritual and cultural factors affecting mental illness?......Page 82 Depression......Page 83 Anxiety......Page 84 Views about treatments and ways of coping: religious coping, religiously influenced beliefs about the efficacy and acceptability of different treatments and coping methods......Page 85 Adherence......Page 86 Diagnosis and clinical management......Page 87 References......Page 88 The significance of biology in cultural psychiatry......Page 92 Culture and disease susceptibility......Page 93 Ethnicity, culture and biological markers......Page 95 Depression......Page 96 Substance abuse......Page 97 References......Page 98 Introduction......Page 101 Psychiatric and forensic services in the UK......Page 102 Primary care......Page 104 Community and organisational factors......Page 105 Cultural capability, policies and practice......Page 107 References......Page 109 PART II Culture and mental health......Page 113 Pioneer exploration......Page 115 Various attempts at studies in the early stages......Page 116 Social theory of psychopathology......Page 117 Pathoselective effects......Page 118 Pathoreactive effects......Page 119 Organic mental disorders......Page 120 Affective disorder: depression......Page 122 Substance abuse and dependency......Page 125 Minor psychiatric disorders......Page 126 Personality disorders......Page 127 Culture-related specific psychiatric syndromes......Page 129 Summary and clinical implications......Page 130 References......Page 131 Introduction......Page 133 Historical origins of social and cultural psychiatry......Page 135 Refugees and other traumatized populations......Page 136 A tenuous beginning......Page 137 Cross-cultural treatment......Page 138 Social and cultural psychiatry: an analysis of similarities and differences......Page 139 Contributions of cultural psychiatry to social psychiatry......Page 140 An international psychiatry......Page 141 Statecraft regarding behavioural disorders......Page 142 References......Page 143 Introduction......Page 147 What are illness explanatory models?......Page 148 Three formulations of illness explanatory model......Page 149 Conceptual underpinnings......Page 150 Relevance for clinical practice and training......Page 151 Critical assessment......Page 153 Research on explanatory models......Page 154 Studying explanatory models and directions for research......Page 156 References......Page 157 Introduction......Page 161 Definitions......Page 162 Varieties of culture-bound syndromes......Page 163 Views on semen loss in the West......Page 166 Latah......Page 171 References......Page 174 Introduction......Page 177 The second generation......Page 178 The alliance between culture and psychiatric epidemiology......Page 179 Cross-national comparisons and cultural psychiatry......Page 180 Cross-cultural applicability of psychiatric epidemiological instruments......Page 181 Cultural epidemiology: a brief introduction......Page 183 References......Page 185 Acculturation: cultural and individual......Page 189 Cultural identity......Page 190 Acculturation strategies......Page 191 Identity strategies......Page 193 Acculturative stress......Page 194 Adaptation: psychological and sociocultural......Page 196 References......Page 197 Introduction......Page 199 Orientations in the study of culture and health outcomes......Page 200 Background to a theory of cultural consonance......Page 203 Cultural consensus and cultural consonance......Page 204 Cultural consonance and health outcomes......Page 205 Issues in the study of cultural consonance......Page 207 References......Page 208 PART III Culture and mental disorders......Page 211 Introduction......Page 213 Clinical features......Page 214 Anxiety neurosis......Page 215 Epidemiology......Page 216 Epidemiology......Page 217 Clinical features......Page 218 Epidemiology......Page 219 Aetiology......Page 220 Dissociative identity disorder......Page 221 Aetiology......Page 222 Clinical features......Page 223 Clinical features......Page 224 Further reading/sources......Page 225 Introduction......Page 227 Schizophrenia: phenotypic comparability across populations......Page 229 Prevalence......Page 230 Comparative incidence data: the WHO ten-country study......Page 231 Variation in the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia across populations: how much similarity and how much difference?......Page 233 Populations and groups with unusually high and low rates: genetic isolates......Page 234 High rates of psychosis in immigrants and ethnic minorities......Page 235 Course and outcome......Page 236 Acute and transient psychotic disorders......Page 238 Conclusions: prospects for epidemiology in the search for the causes of psychoses......Page 239 References......Page 240 Introduction......Page 244 The ways of feeling bad......Page 245 Ways of talking about feeling bad......Page 246 Ways of explaining bad feelings......Page 247 Biomedicine and feeling bad......Page 248 Kleinman in China......Page 249 Cultural influences on the frequency of affective disorder......Page 251 International comparisons of the prevalence of affective disorder......Page 252 The role of cultural attributes in explaining international differences in rates of affective disorder......Page 256 References......Page 257 Introduction......Page 262 World Health Organisation global prevalence picture......Page 263 The continuum of substance use, misuse/dependence......Page 264 Cultural context and substance use......Page 265 The culture of poverty and substance misuse......Page 266 Health implications of smoking khat......Page 267 Smoking the waterpipe......Page 268 Interventions for substance misuse problems......Page 269 Conclusions......Page 271 References......Page 272 Terminology and definitions......Page 275 Deliberate self-harm among ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom......Page 276 Suicide among ethnic groups in the UK......Page 277 Eastern Europe and Russia......Page 278 United States of America......Page 279 Asian countries: India, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China......Page 280 Aboriginal/indigenous populations......Page 282 Models of migration, mental illness and suicide......Page 283 The role of religion......Page 284 Help seeking and health-service utilisation......Page 285 Conclusions......Page 286 References......Page 287 Introduction......Page 292 A brief history of the term 'personality disorders’......Page 293 Cross-cultural perspectives on personality......Page 294 Are personality disorders really diseases?......Page 295 Gender and personality disorder......Page 296 The health-seeking behaviour of personality-disordered patients......Page 297 A need to re-define personality variation in the social context?......Page 298 References......Page 299 Introduction......Page 302 Culture and OCD......Page 303 The influence of religion......Page 304 Comparisons of OCD cognitions across cultures......Page 305 Implications for clinical practice......Page 306 References......Page 309 Eating disorders and the sociocultural risks......Page 312 Eating disorder, culture-bound, culture-specific or ethnic disorder......Page 313 The emergence of eating disorders in other cultures and societies......Page 314 Eating disorders – the shift from 'Western’ to Western-ised’......Page 315 Eating disorders as marker of cultures in transition......Page 316 Implications for prevention and intervention......Page 318 References......Page 319 Introduction......Page 321 Theoretical perspectives......Page 322 Schizophrenia......Page 323 Depression and self-harm......Page 324 Anxiety disorders......Page 325 Eating disorders......Page 326 Substance-use disorders......Page 328 Disorders of attention and concentration......Page 329 References......Page 330 Culture and the epidemiology of schizophrenia......Page 334 Culture and the rate of schizophrenia subtypes......Page 335 Hallucinations......Page 336 Schneider’s first rank symptoms (FRS)......Page 339 References......Page 340 Introduction......Page 343 Age......Page 344 Diagnostic issues......Page 345 Expression of depression and other emotional symptoms......Page 346 Development and validation of new diagnostic and screening instruments......Page 348 Available diagnostic and screening instruments for dementia......Page 349 Available screening and diagnostic instruments for depression......Page 350 Prevalence of mental disorders around the world......Page 351 Prevalence of mental disorders among ethnic elders in the UK and other countries......Page 352 The effect of patient and family factors on primary care consultations in the UK......Page 353 The effect of GP factors on consultations......Page 354 Assessing patients......Page 355 References......Page 356 PART IV Theoretical aspects of management......Page 365 Introduction......Page 367 Individual......Page 369 Individual......Page 371 Schemes on recovery and healing......Page 374 Nosology and diagnostic categories......Page 375 Interventions......Page 376 Collective......Page 377 Risk factors for collective violence......Page 378 Conclusions......Page 380 References......Page 381 Introduction......Page 384 Role of culture in sexual dysfunction......Page 385 Paraphilias across cultures......Page 387 Epidemiology of sexual dysfunction......Page 388 Sexual attraction......Page 392 Paraphilias across cultures......Page 393 Conclusions......Page 395 References......Page 396 Introduction......Page 399 Treatment expectations......Page 400 World view, values and emotions......Page 401 Culture and values......Page 402 Empathy......Page 403 Ethnic matching......Page 404 Humanities, again......Page 405 References......Page 406 Introduction......Page 408 Effective and equitable services......Page 409 Ethical foundations......Page 410 Problem definition......Page 411 Cultural accessibility......Page 413 Political decision-making......Page 414 Leadership for mental-health system development......Page 415 Conclusions......Page 418 References......Page 419 Introduction......Page 422 Pharmacokinetics......Page 424 Pharmacogenetics of CYP2D6......Page 425 CYP1A2......Page 426 Pharmacodynamics......Page 427 5-HTT......Page 428 Conclusions......Page 429 References......Page 430 Introduction......Page 434 Culture and psychopathology......Page 435 Twin cultures......Page 436 Example......Page 437 Cultural tension and identity......Page 438 Emic and etic elements of culture......Page 439 Preoccupying concern......Page 440 Congruent values and palatable flavours......Page 441 Empirical findings......Page 442 References......Page 443 Introduction......Page 444 Construction of the culture of psychology......Page 445 Deconstruction of the culture of psychology......Page 446 Reconstruction of the culture of mainstream psychology......Page 449 References......Page 451 Introduction......Page 454 Spiritual management......Page 455 Spirituality and spiritual healing......Page 456 Spiritual aspects in the management of a person with psychiatric disorder......Page 458 Spiritual healing: a complementary therapy with specific techniques......Page 459 Spiritual aspects of management for different psychiatric disorders......Page 461 Conclusions......Page 462 References......Page 463 International variation in suicide......Page 465 International variation in suicide attempts......Page 469 Ethnic minority and immigrant studies......Page 470 Cultural predictors of suicidal behaviour......Page 471 Conclusions......Page 475 References......Page 476 PART V Management with special groups......Page 479 Introduction......Page 481 The Middle Ages......Page 482 Disability across cultures......Page 483 The concept of intellectual disabilities......Page 484 Intellectual disabilities and mental health......Page 486 The needs of carers......Page 487 References......Page 488 Introduction......Page 491 Biological and pharmacological approaches......Page 492 Play therapy......Page 494 Family therapy......Page 495 Children’s social networks and communities......Page 496 Child-mental-health service models: similarities and differences across cultures and societies......Page 499 References......Page 500 Introduction......Page 504 Assessment across cultures......Page 505 Gay and lesbians......Page 506 Couple relationships......Page 507 Couples and the therapist......Page 510 Issues in assessment......Page 512 Pitfalls......Page 514 Management across cultures......Page 515 Management across cultures......Page 516 The Indian Subcontinent......Page 517 Physical therapies......Page 519 References......Page 520 Introduction......Page 523 Mental health of refugees......Page 524 Depression and PTSD......Page 526 What can mental-health professionals do to help refugees with mental problems?......Page 528 References......Page 529 Introduction......Page 532 Basic concepts......Page 533 Older persons in developing countries......Page 534 Ageing, culture and psychopathology – general principles......Page 535 Dementia......Page 537 Depression and suicide......Page 538 Diagnostic instruments......Page 540 Ethnicity and pharmacology......Page 541 Psychotherapy......Page 542 References......Page 543 Introduction......Page 546 Hybrid model......Page 547 Psycho-oncology......Page 548 Psycho-gynaecology......Page 549 Consultation–liaison specialities......Page 550 Somatizing patients in medical clinics......Page 552 Future of consultation-liaison psychiatry......Page 553 Sources, references and further reading......Page 554 PART VI Cultural research and training......Page 555 Introduction......Page 557 What is cultural psychiatry and why is it special?......Page 558 How did cultural psychiatry come into being?......Page 560 Where are cultural psychiatry’s exemplars to be found?......Page 561 Case illustrations......Page 562 Theoretical quandaries......Page 563 Unpacking biases of modern conceptions......Page 564 Cultural attires for ape exemplars......Page 565 Summary: the domain of cultural psychiatry......Page 567 References......Page 568 Introduction......Page 570 Social stressors and mental health......Page 571 The ethical perspective......Page 572 Methodological challenges in cultural psychiatry research......Page 573 Cultural adaptation of research tools......Page 574 Identifying and adjusting for confounding variables......Page 575 Interpreting research findings and putting research into practice......Page 576 Future work and developments......Page 577 References......Page 578 Beliefs, disbeliefs and cultural identity......Page 581 Social and political processes and research evidence......Page 582 Acculturation......Page 583 Globalization and culture......Page 584 Ethnic diversity vs. ethnic identity......Page 585 References......Page 586 Websites......Page 587 Index......Page 589 "Cultural psychiatry is concerned with understanding the impact of social and cultural differences and similarities on mental illness and its treatments." "A person's cultural characteristics can often lead to misunderstandings, influenced by language, non-verbal styles, codes of etiquette and assumptions. There may also be perceived misconceptions and differences in beliefs and values. In order to provide appropriate, sensitive and acceptable services for different cultural groups, all service providers need to take these factors into account." "Written by leading clinicians and academics from around the world, and integrating both practical and theoretical knowledge, the Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry provides a framework for the provision of mental healthcare in a multi-cultural/multi-racial society and global economy." "It will be essential reading for those providing mental healthcare, or for those who are involved in the organization and management of services."--Jacket