Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination: MRI of the Hand and Wrist in Children (Current Clinical Imaging)

Here is the first complete textbook and atlas of the vitally important technique of bone age assessment using MRI rather than ionizing radiation-based radiologic modalities. The latest volume in the growing Wiley Current Clinical Imaging series, Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination: MRI of the Hand and Wrist in Children is a must-have resource for all radiologists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, and sports medicine physicians interested in bone age evaluation"--Provided by publisher Read more... Abstract: Comprehensive review of medical, legal, and social aspects of bone age assessment. In-depth discussion of MRI as an alternative to the traditional ionizing radiation-based radiographic techniques for the assessment of bone age. Provides complete guidelines for clinical application of these MRI-based techniques in a diverse population. Read more... Cover 1 Title page 5 Copyright page 6 Contents 7 Contributors 11 Introduction 15 Preface 17 CHAPTER 1: Anatomic Aspects of Bone Ossification and their Magnetic Resonance Counterparts 19 1.1 Endochondral ossification 19 1.1.1 Primary center of ossification (fetal life) 19 1.1.2 Growth plate 19 1.1.3 Secondary centers of ossification (later in development) 19 1.2 Longitudinal bone growth 20 1.3 Magnetic resonance aspects of endochondral ossification 21 1.3.1 Bone marrow 21 1.3.2 Epiphyseal cartilage 21 1.3.3 Growth plate 22 1.4 Wrist and carpal bones 23 References 23 CHAPTER 2: Bone Age: Medico-legal Issues 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Medico-legal fields of application 26 2.2.1 Unaccompanied children in Europe 26 2.2.2 Unaccompanied children in the USA 28 2.3 Criminal law 28 2.4 Adoptions 29 2.5 Ethical issues 29 2.6 Conclusions 31 References 32 CHAPTER 3: Endocrinology, Puberty, and Disorders of Pubertal Development 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Alterations of the time of onset of puberty 36 3.3 Early puberty 36 3.4 Precocious puberty 36 3.4.1 Clinical and diagnostic evaluation 37 3.4.2 Therapy 38 3.5 Late puberty 38 3.6 Delayed puberty 38 3.6.1 Clinical and diagnostic evaluation 39 3.6.2 Therapy 40 3.6.3 Imaging 40 References 40 CHAPTER 4: MR Assessment of Skeletal Age in Healthy Children 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 State of the art of age estimation methods 41 4.2.1 MR skeletal imaging of the wrist and hand 43 4.3 Conclusions 72 References 73 CHAPTER 5: Maturation of Individual Bones of the Hand and Wrist in Healthy Children 75 5.1 Grading system of MR images to assess skeletal estimation 75 5.2 MR images of maturation of individual bones 78 5.3 Details of MRI maturation scoring system 78 5.4 Notes on the use of the bone maturation tables 79 5.5 Conclusions 79 References 94 CHAPTER 6: Musculoskeletal Findings in Young Athletes 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Athletics associated with delayed bone aging 97 6.3 Athletics associated with premature (advanced) bone aging 98 6.4 Athletics associated with specific forms of overuse trauma 101 References 101 CHAPTER 7: Bone Marrow Maturation in Healthy and Diseased States 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Healthy bone marrow and the role of magnetic resonance 103 7.3 Bone marrow disorders 105 7.3.1 Bone marrow reconversion 106 7.3.2 Bone marrow infiltration/replacement/deposition 107 7.3.3 Bone marrow depletion/failure 108 References 110 CHAPTER 8: Nutrition and Growth 111 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Anorexia nervosa 112 8.3 Obesity 114 References 115 CHAPTER 9: MRI Skeletal Age Estimation in Celiac Disease 117 9.1 General aspects 117 9.2 Therapy 119 9.3 Imaging 120 References 121 CHAPTER 10: Growth Failure and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease 123 10.1 General aspects 123 10.1.1 Disruption of the GH–IGF-1 axis 123 10.1.2 IGF-1-independent mechanisms 124 10.1.3 Tumor necrosis factor 124 10.1.4 Chronic corticosteroid therapy 124 10.2 Imaging of individuals with childhood onset IBD 125 References 125 CHAPTER 11: Adult Bone Diseases That Begin in Childhood 127 11.1 General aspects 127 11.2 Imaging 132 References 133 CHAPTER 12: Skeletal Findings in Neurometabolic Disease 135 12.1 Introduction 135 12.2 Phenylketonuria 135 12.2.1 General aspects 135 12.2.2 Growth, bone maturation, and the role of bone MRI in phenylketonuria 136 12.3 Niemann–Pick type C disease 137 12.3.1 General aspects 137 12.3.2 Growth, bone maturation, and the role of bone MRI in Niemann–Pick type C disease 139 References 140 CHAPTER 13: Skeletal Findings in Genetic Disease 141 13.1 Introduction 141 13.2 Assessment of growth 141 13.2.1 Anthropometric measures 142 13.2.2 Measurement of skeletal and biologic maturation 142 13.2.3 Staging of pubertal development 142 13.3 Growth disorders 143 13.3.1 Syndromes associated with disharmonious short growth (Table 13.1) 143 13.3.2 Overgrowth syndromes 145 13.3.3 Imaging of subjects with genetic causes for abnormal growth 148 References 149 CHAPTER 14: Skeletal Findings in Pediatric Oncology Patients 151 14.1 Introduction and diseases 151 14.2 Imaging 153 References 154 CHAPTER 15: Bone Mineral Density Measured with DXA Method in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 155 15.1 Introduction 155 15.2 Effects on bone metabolism in pediatric IBD 155 15.2.1 IBD and alteration of bone mass in pedriatic age patients 155 15.2.2 IBD and growth failure 156 15.3 DXA in pediatric age patients 156 15.4 Conclusions 159 References 159 CHAPTER 16: MRI of the Symptomatic Hand and Wrist 161 16.1 Introduction 161 16.2 Protocols 161 16.3 Clinical examples 161 16.3.1 Trauma 161 16.3.2 Infection 163 16.3.3 Arthritis 163 16.3.4 Masses 163 CHAPTER 17: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles and Techniques 167 17.1 Introduction 167 17.2 Principles of MRI 167 17.2.1 Magnetic resonance 167 17.2.2 Imaging 168 17.2.3 Safety 169 17.2.4 Pulse sequences 170 17.3 MRI techniques 170 17.3.1 Soft tissue contrast in musculoskeletal MRI 170 17.3.2 Low field versus high field MRI 172 Index 173 Supplemental Images 179 The first complete textbook and atlas of the vitally important technique of bone age assessment utilizing MRI for children's hand and wrist This latest volume in the growing Wiley Current Clinical Imaging series is a must-have resource that collects, in a single volume, all that is currently known and applicable about the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of bone age. Presented in two parts, Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination: MRI of the Hand and Wrist in Children first focuses on the anatomic, social, and legal aspects of bone age, providing a concise overview of the use of bone age determination in medical, legal, and social systems.??It then covers the clinical use and application of MRI in assessing bone age. The book offers complete chapter coverage on endocrinology, puberty, and disorders of pubertal development; bone marrow maturation in healthy and diseased states; growth failure and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease; skeletal findings in neurometabolic disease, genetic disease, and pediatric oncology patients; and much more. Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination provides: A comprehensive review of the medical, legal, and social aspects of bone age assessment An in-depth discussion of MRI as an alternative to the traditional ionizing radiation-based radiographic techniques for the assessment of bone age Complete guidelines for clinical application of these MRI-based techniques "Recipes" for replicating these techniques and applications for diverse patient populations Cutting-edge information prepared and presented by an international team of experts A superb collection of beautifully reproduced, high-quality images This is an ideal book for radiologists, pediatricians, family physicians, endocrinologists, and sports medicine physicians interested in skeletal development and bone age assessment. Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination: MRI of the Hand and Wrist in Children collects in a single volume all that is currently known and applicable about the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of bone age. The radiographic examination of the hand/wrist was initially used to study skeletal development, correlating skeletal and chronological age in order to verify potential growth and whether a need for intervention was necessary. In recent years, the reasons for this examination have expanded beyond assessment of development, into such are