Test of Implicit Associations in Relationship Attitudes (TIARA): Manual for a New Method (SpringerBriefs in Psychology)

Annotation This volume presents a manual for a new method of studying implicit attitudes, the Test of Implicit Associations in Relationship Attitudes (TIARA). The main goal of this volume is to demonstrate how to study the implicit attitudes that people have toward others in their close relationships: friend, romantic partner, family member, etc. Since the inception of the concept and measures of implicit cognition, researchers have developed a number of indirect measures to assess implicit attitudes. These similar yet different methods aim to account for different variables for reliable and valid operational definitions of implicit attitudes. Given the progress made in the field of implicit measures, there is great potential for further development and extension of these types of assessments. Many of these methods (especially the Implicit Attitude Test) are only limited to assessing attitudes within the comparison of two bipolar concepts. Therefore, TIARA was developed to be a manual for a new method of studying implicit attitudes in relationships. As described in this volume, TIARA shows that if a person strongly believes that certain feelings can be attributed to a target relationship figure, the reaction time is shorter since they are the most confident in their answer. Beginning with a grounded explanation of the theory behind TIARA, the volume then proceeds to explain its methods and procedures, and how to code, score, and interpret the results of TIARA. Next, the volume reports on six psychometric studies, which provide substantial evidence that TIARA is a valid and reliable measure to study implicit attitudes in relationship research. The volume concludes by exploring practical applications of TIARA as well as its future directions and current limitations. The detailed description of the TIARA method provides a practical and handy tutorial for using the method in research and practice for social and personality psychologists, as well as practitioners Introduction 9 Contents 6 Chapter 1: Theoretical Foundation of TIARA 12 1.1 The Dual-Mode Information Processing 12 1.2 Measures of Implicit Attitudes 13 1.2.1 A Word-Fragment Completion Task and the Priming of Linguistic Intergroup Bias 15 1.2.2 Evaluative Priming Task (EPT) 15 1.2.3 Affective Misattribution Procedure (AMP) 16 1.2.4 Physiological Variables as Implicit Measures of Attitudes 16 1.2.5 Implicit Association Test (IAT) 17 1.2.6 Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) 18 1.2.7 Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) 18 1.2.8 Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT) 18 1.2.9 Sorting Paired Features (SPF) 19 1.2.10 Affective Variant of the Spatial Simon Task 19 1.3 Validity and Reliability of Implicit Attitude Methods 20 1.3.1 Validity 20 1.3.2 Reliability 24 1.4 The Theoretical Conception of TIARA and Its Innovation Compared to Other Implicit Methods 25 1.4.1 Limitations of Implicit Methods and Possible Solutions 25 1.4.2 Theoretical and Practical Innovations of TIARA 26 References 28 Chapter 2: Preparation and Administration of TIARA 33 2.1 Preparation of TIARA for Administration 33 2.1.1 Hardware and Software Requirements 33 2.1.2 Preparation of the Relationship Attitude Scale for Administration 33 2.1.3 Preparation of the Implicit TIARA Software for the Relationship Scale Administration 37 2.1.4 Preparation of the Explicit Self-report Assessment for the Relationship Scale Administration 39 2.2 Procedure of TIARA Administration 40 2.2.1 Introduction of a Participant to the TIARA Procedure 41 2.2.2 Tutorial for TIARA Implicit Procedure 42 2.2.3 The Reaction Time (Implicit) and the Self-report (Explicit) Assessments 44 2.3 Recording and Preparing Data 45 2.3.1 Creating Implicit Data Sheets for Individual Participants 45 2.3.2 Compiling all Implicit Data into One Data Sheet 48 Chapter 3: TIARA Coding and Scoring: Instructions for Data Transformation and Analysis 55 3.1 Prescreening and Adjustment of Implicit Data 55 3.1.1 Removal of Outlier Reaction Times and Participants 55 3.1.2 Setting the Minimum Reaction Time of Each Participant to Zero 57 3.2 Analyzing Frequency Distribution of RT 62 3.3 Transformation of Reaction Times to Standard Scores 65 3.4 Calculating the Mean Scores for Dimensions for Implicit and Explicit Data 67 References 67 Chapter 4: Interpersonal Reliability and Validity of TIARA: Analysis of Results Across All Participants 68 4.1 Relationship Attitude Scales 68 4.2 Samples 69 4.3 Interpersonal Reliability 69 4.3.1 Calculating Interpersonal Reliability 69 4.3.2 Results of Interpersonal Reliability for Relationship Attitude Scales 70 4.3.3 Interpersonal Test-Retest Reliability 71 4.4 Interpersonal Validity 72 4.4.1 Correlations and Paired-Samples T-Tests Between Implicit and Explicit Scores 72 4.4.2 Effects of Social Desirability and Decisiveness on TIARA Results 74 References 75 Chapter 5: Intrapersonal Reliability and Validity of TIARA: Analysis of Individual Cases 76 5.1 Methodology of Analysis of Individual Cases in TIARA 76 5.1.1 Calculation of Paired-Samples T-Test for Individual Cases 77 5.1.2 Creating Graphs for Individual Cases 78 5.2 Analyses and Interpretation of Individual Cases in TIARA 80 5.2.1 Intrapersonal Validity of TIARA in Relationship Attitude Research 80 5.2.2 Examples of Analysis of Individual Cases Based on TIARA Results 81 Chapter 6: Practical Applications, Limitations, and Prospective Research Using TIARA 86 6.1 Guide for Practitioners on How to Use TIARA in Counseling and Clinical Applications 86 6.2 Guide for Researchers on How to Use TIARA in Relationship Research 92 6.3 Limitations and Strengths of TIARA 93 Reference 95 Appendix A: TIARA Script Template 96 Appendix B: Relationship Survey Template 98 Appendix C: Examples of Schemas for Conversion of Reaction Time to a Conventional Rating Scale 99 Appendix D: Quadrangular Love Scale Statements and Coinciding Dimensions 101 Appendix E: Dominance Scale Statements and Coinciding Dimensions 103 Appendix F: Jealousy Scale Statements and Coinciding Dimensions 104 Appendix G: Forgiveness Scale Statements and Coinciding Dimensions 106 Appendix H: Attitudes in Close Relationships Scale Statements and Coinciding Dimensions 108 References 110 Front Matter ....Pages i-xi Theoretical Foundation of TIARA (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 1-21 Preparation and Administration of TIARA (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 23-44 TIARA Coding and Scoring: Instructions for Data Transformation and Analysis (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 45-57 Interpersonal Reliability and Validity of TIARA: Analysis of Results Across All Participants (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 59-66 Intrapersonal Reliability and Validity of TIARA: Analysis of Individual Cases (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 67-76 Practical Applications, Limitations, and Prospective Research Using TIARA (Victor Karandashev, Nicholas D. Evans)....Pages 77-86 Back Matter ....Pages 87-108