Territory and Ideology in Latin America: Policy Conflicts between National and Subnational Governments (Transformations in Governance)

Around the world, familiar ideological conflicts over the market are becoming increasingly territorialized in the form of policy conflicts between national and subnational governments. Thanks to a series of trends like globalization, democratization, and especially decentralization, subnational governments are now in a position to more effectively challenge the ideological orientation of the national government. The book conceptualizes these challenges as operating in two related but distinct modes. The first stems from elected subnational officials who use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to design, implement, and defend subnational policy regimes that deviate ideologically from national policy regimes. The second occurs when these same officials use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to question, oppose, and alter the ideological content of national policy regimes. The book focuses on three similarly-situated countries in Latin America where these two types of policy challenges met different fates; neither challenge succeeded in Peru, both succeeded in Bolivia, and Ecuador experienced an intermediate outcome marked by the success of the first type of challenge (i.e. the defence of a deviant, neoliberal subnational policy regime) and the failure of the second (i.e. the inability to alter a statist national policy regime). Derived from the in-depth study of these countries, the book's theoretical argument emphasizes three critical variables: 1) the structural significance of the territory over which subnational elected officials preside, 2) the level of institutional capacity they can harness, and 3) the strength of the societal coalitions they can build both within and across subnational jurisdictions. Transformations in Governance is a major new academic book series from Oxford University Press. It is designed to accommodate the impressive growth of research in comparative politics, international relations, public policy, federalism, environmental and urban studies concerned with the dispersion of authority from central states up to supranational institutions, down to subnational governments, and side-ways to public-private networks. It brings together work that significantly advances our understanding of the organization, causes, and consequences of multilevel and complex governance. The series is selective, containing annually a small number of books of exceptionally high quality by leading and emerging scholars. The series targets mainly single-authored or co-authored work, but it is pluralistic in terms of disciplinary specialization, research design, method, and geographical scope. Case studies as well as comparative studies, historical as well as contemporary studies, and studies with a national, regional, or international focus are all central to its aims. Authors use qualitative, quantitative, formal modeling, or mixed methods. A trade mark of the books is that they combine scholarly rigour with readable prose and an attractive production style. The series is edited by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Walter Mattli of the University of Oxford. Cover 1 Territory and Ideology in Latin America: Policy Conflicts between National and Subnational Governments 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Acknowledgments 8 Contents 12 List of Maps 14 List of Tables 14 List of Abbreviations 16 1: Introduction 20 Subnational Policy Challenges 26 The Emergence of Subnational Policy Challenges 35 Advantages and Disadvantages of Policy Regime Juxtaposition 39 Plan of the Book 44 2: When do Subnational Policy Challenges Succeed?: Structure, Institutions, and Coalitions 48 Theorizing Subnational Policy Challenges: Structure, Institutions, and Coalitions 49 Beginning with structure 53 Institutional capacity 58 The coalitional imperative 63 Considering Alternative Explanations 70 Introducing the Cases 75 Scoring the Dependent Variable 80 Conclusion 82 3: Subnational Contention in Neoliberal Peru 84 Subnational Policy Regimes in Peru: Motivations and Constraints 86 Liberalization and decentralization in Peru 87 Four flavors of the subnational left in Peru 95 Insufficient capacity and weak coalitions as impediments to subnational policy regimes 100 Failed Efforts to Change Peru ́s National Policy Regime 112 Structural obstacles and policy continuity 112 Coalitional challenges and the absence of collective action 117 Conclusion 121 4: Policy Regime Juxtaposition in Ecuador 123 The Construction and Preservation of Guayaquil ́s Liberal Policy Regime 126 Creating the Guayaquil model: Liberal institutionalism at the local level 128 Coalition-building to defend Guayaquil ́s subnational policy regime 135 The resilience of the Guayaquil model 142 Guayaquil ́s Limited Leverage at the National Level 147 Structural challenges 147 Coalitional impediments 150 The containment of Guayaquil 153 Conclusion 156 5: Territorial Conflict and Reconciliation in Bolivia 158 The Construction and Defense of Santa Cruz ́s Subnational Policy Regime 162 Institution-building and the emergence of Santa Cruz ́s policy regime 162 Coalition-building to defend the policy regime 169 Evidence of policy regime juxtaposition 177 Reconciliation and the Moderation of Bolivia ́s National Policy Regime 181 Structural leverage in the east 182 Building the media luna coalition 185 From the ``catastrophic impasse ́ ́ to territorial and ideological reconciliation 188 Conclusion 193 6: Conclusion 194 Key Implications about Structure, Capacity, and Coalitions 196 The Impact of Ideological Conflict on the Territorial Distribution of Power 202 References 208 Index 228 Around the world, familiar ideological conflicts over the market are becoming increasingly territorialized in the form of policy conflicts between national and subnational governments. Thanks to a series of trends such as globalization, democratization, and especially decentralization, subnational governments are now in a position more effectively to challenge the ideological orientation of the national government. This book conceptualizes these challenges as operating in two related but distinct modes. The first stems from elected subnational officials who use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to design, implement, and defend subnational policy regimes that deviate ideologically from national policy regimes. The second occurs when these same officials use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to question, oppose, and alter the ideological content of national policy regimes. The book focuses on three similarly situated countries in Latin America where these two types of policy challenges met different fates; neither challenge succeeded in Peru, both succeeded in Bolivia, and Ecuador experienced an intermediate outcome marked by the success of the first type of challenge (that is, the defense of a deviant, neoliberal subnational policy regime) and the failure of the second (that is, the inability to alter a statist national policy regime). Derived from the in-depth study of these outcomes, the book’s theoretical argument emphasizes three causal variables: (1) the structural significance of the territory over which subnational elected officials preside, (2) the level of institutional capacity they can harness, and (3) the strength of the societal coalitions they can build both within and across subnational jurisdictions. Around The World, Familiar Ideological Conflicts Over The Market Are Becoming Increasingly Territorialized In The Form Of Policy Conflicts Between National And Subnational Governments. Thanks To A Series Of Trends Like Globalization, Democratization, And Especially Decentralization, Subnational Governments Are Now In A Position To More Effectively Challenge The Ideological Orientation Of The National Government. The Book Conceptualizes These Challenges As Operating In Two Related But Distinct Modes. The First Stems From Elected Subnational Officials Who Use Their Authority, Resources, And Legitimacy To Design, Implement, And Defend Subnational Policy Regimes That Deviate Ideologically From National Policy Regimes. The Second Occurs When These Same Officials Use Their Authority, Resources, And Legitimacy To Question, Oppose, And Alter The Ideological Content Of National Policy Regimes. 0. Kent Eaton. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 189-207) And Index. This book examines the connection between territorial politics and ideological conflict in the global economic sphere, particularly in Latin America, based on in-depth field research in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.