Terahertz Dielectric Resonator Antennas for High Speed Communication and Sensing: From theory to design and implementation (Telecommunications)

Terahertz dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) provide ultrafast data transfer rates using large bandwidth and multimode operations, which make them ideal for high speed communication due to their low loss and high efficiency. They can work at microwave, terahertz or optical frequencies, and are compact in size, which makes them well suited for advanced applications in sensing, scanning and imaging. New geometries are being developed for conical optical DRAs, cylindrical optical DRAs and spherical optical DRAs. Spherical optical DRAs have features of super directivity which can be used in quantum radars. Cylindrical optical DRAs with photo diodes can be used for wireless energy harvesting. This book covers the theory, modelling, design and implementation of DRA technologies at the microwave, terahertz or optical regime for future applications in wireless high-speed communication, wireless personal communication and sensor networks. Case studies on new geometries with prototype models are included at the end of this book. TELECOMMUNICATIONS Cover 1 Contents 8 About the author 12 Preface 14 1 Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and its synthesis 16 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 CDRA (cylindrical DRA): design and modeling using silicon-radiating element 19 1.3 Terahertz or quantum devices characteristics 21 1.3.1 Theory of TDRA 21 1.3.2 Terahertz DRA or quantum DRA near fields/far fields 25 1.3.3 Radiation parameters 26 1.3.4 Drude鈥檚 model theory 26 1.4 Terahertz MIMO DRA parameters 27 1.4.1 Microwave DRAs vs optical DRA parameters 28 1.4.2 Optical DRAs 28 1.4.3 Radiated fields 29 1.5 Main functions of terahertz DRA 29 1.5.1 Some important parameters of microwave and terahertz DRA 30 1.6 THz DRA model design parameters 31 1.7 Rectangular nano-DRA design parameters 32 1.7.1 Design steps 32 1.8 Conclusion 33 References 34 2 Dielectric resonator antennas鈥攁 comprehensive review 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Propagation of light 44 2.3 Design of a terahertz dielectric resonator antenna 47 2.4 Fabrication and testing 48 2.5 Terahertz antenna far-field radiations: flowchart 48 2.6 Mathematical analysis of terahertz RDRA 49 2.7 Approximate analysis of a rectangular quantum antenna 53 2.8 Terahertz DRA simulation results 55 2.9 Conclusion 55 References 55 3 Light鈥搈atter interaction in terahertz dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Light鈥搈atter interaction theory in a quantum antenna 59 3.3 Theory of quantum entanglement 62 3.4 Conclusion 66 Reference 66 4 Terahertz dielectric resonator antennas design and modeling 68 4.1 Introduction to terahertz DRA 68 4.2 Mathematical formulations used to describe working of quantum DRA 73 4.3 Cylindrical terahertz DRA 75 4.4 Conical terahertz DRA 77 4.5 Conclusion 77 References 78 5 Surface plasmon polytrons (SPP) into terahertz DRA 80 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Working principle of TDRA 81 5.3 Terahertz CDRA design and simulations 83 5.4 Terahertz DRA main features 84 5.5 Mathematical formulations used in TDRA 89 5.6 Terahertz DRA applications 92 5.7 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Terahertz conical dielectric resonator antenna鈥攄esign, simulation and implementations 96 6.1 Introduction 96 6.2 Design structure of conical THz DRAs 98 6.3 Model-1 multiband conical TDRA 99 6.4 Mathematical modeling of terahertz conical DRA 105 6.5 Equivalent electrical circuit of conical terahertz DRA 111 6.6 Conclusion 113 References 113 7 Cylindrical terahertz and optical DRA鈥攄esign and analysis 116 7.1 Introduction 116 7.2 Model 2 TCDRA at 10-THz resonant frequency 117 7.2.1 Design computations 117 7.3 Terahertz antennas detailed description 119 7.4 Theory of terahertz cylindrical DRA and mathematical formulations 121 7.5 Optical CDRA description 129 7.6 Conclusion 147 References 148 8 Spherical terahertz and optical DRA鈥攄esign and implementations 150 Abstract 150 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Design of terahertz spherical DRA at 511 THz 158 8.3 Mathematical formulations of terahertz spherical DRA 158 8.4 Results and discussions 163 8.4.1 Super directivity in spherical DRA 163 8.5 MIMO (multi-input鈥搈ulti-output) spherical DRA 168 8.6 Conclusion 171 References 173 9 Rectangular terahertz DRA鈥攄esign, simulation and implementations 176 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Propagation of light 181 9.3 Design and simulation of terahertz dielectric resonator antenna 185 9.4 Synthesis of a terahertz rectangular DRA at optical frequency and its radiation theory 185 9.5 Mathematical analysis of resonant modes excited into a terahertz rectangular DRA 186 9.6 Terahertz optical RDRA at 484 THz 191 9.6.1 Approximate analysis of a rectangular terahertz DRA and its controlled electromagnetic fields 191 9.7 Conclusion 203 References 203 10 Equivalent circuit analysis on terahertz and optical dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) 206 10.1 Introduction 206 10.2 Quantum DRA-equivalent circuit mathematical analysis for mixed circuits 209 10.2.1 Impedance (Zin) 209 10.2.2 The frequency-dependent resistance is also called dynamic resistance of the circuit 211 10.2.3 Two resonant modes, i.e. fundamental and higher order 212 10.2.4 Second resonant mode 213 10.3 Higher order resonant modes 215 10.4 Bandwidth (BW) of terahertz DRA 217 10.5 Simulated results based on MATLAB 217 10.6 Design development and evaluation of NDRA 217 10.6.1 Resonant frequency of TRDRA formulations 217 10.7 Synthesis of NDRA radiation theory 217 10.8 Drude鈥檚 model 225 10.9 MATLAB program 225 10.10 Conclusion 226 References 226 11 Optical DRA for retinal applications鈥攏ext generation DRAs 230 11.1 Introduction 230 11.2 Optical antenna arrays basic requirements 234 11.3 Optical antenna design 238 11.4 Entanglement 239 11.5 Modeling of optical antennas 239 11.6 Light鈥搈atter interaction 240 11.7 Theory of coupled resonant modes 242 11.8 Designs of terahertz DRAs simulation results for various shapes 244 11.9 Conclusion and applications 244 References 244 12 Conclusion and futuristic vision 246 12.1 Introduction 247 12.2 Patient-centric healthcare system outline 248 12.3 Thumb DRA sensors integrated with patient-centric healthcare system 248 12.4 Thumb DRA design and implementations 249 12.5 Conclusion 254 Appendix A: Case studies 256 Appendix B: Terahertz absorbers 262 B.1 Absorber characteristics 262 B.2 Absorbers mathematical analysis 264 B.3 Optical absorbers applications 264 Appendix C: Antenna measured values in anechoic chamber 266 Appendix D: Dielectric materials and resources 356 Appendix E: Dual-band graphene antenna design and implementation 362 Appendix F: Miniaturization design techniques 368 F.1 Introduction 368 F.2 Conclusion 371 Appendix G: Gaussian beam feed process 374 Appendix H: Silicon dielectric resonator antenna at 5-THz frequency 388 H.1 THz DRA fabrication process 388 Appendix I: DRA designing process 392 I.1 Design process of aperture coupled DRA 392 Appendix J: DRA design case study 396 Appendix K: Vector network analyzer process for calibration 404 Glossary 406 Index 408 Back Cover 415 Cover Contents About the author Preface 1 Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and its synthesis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 CDRA (cylindrical DRA): design and modeling using silicon-radiating element 1.3 Terahertz or quantum devices characteristics 1.3.1 Theory of TDRA 1.3.2 Terahertz DRA or quantum DRA near fields/far fields 1.3.3 Radiation parameters 1.3.4 Drude’s model theory 1.4 Terahertz MIMO DRA parameters 1.4.1 Microwave DRAs vs optical DRA parameters 1.4.2 Optical DRAs 1.4.3 Radiated fields 1.5 Main functions of terahertz DRA 1.5.1 Some important parameters of microwave and terahertz DRA 1.6 THz DRA model design parameters 1.7 Rectangular nano-DRA design parameters 1.7.1 Design steps 1.8 Conclusion References 2 Dielectric resonator antennas—a comprehensive review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Propagation of light 2.3 Design of a terahertz dielectric resonator antenna 2.4 Fabrication and testing 2.5 Terahertz antenna far-field radiations: flowchart 2.6 Mathematical analysis of terahertz RDRA 2.7 Approximate analysis of a rectangular quantum antenna 2.8 Terahertz DRA simulation results 2.9 Conclusion References 3 Light–matter interaction in terahertz dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Light–matter interaction theory in a quantum antenna 3.3 Theory of quantum entanglement 3.4 Conclusion Reference 4 Terahertz dielectric resonator antennas design and modeling 4.1 Introduction to terahertz DRA 4.2 Mathematical formulations used to describe working of quantum DRA 4.3 Cylindrical terahertz DRA 4.4 Conical terahertz DRA 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Surface plasmon polytrons (SPP) into terahertz DRA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Working principle of TDRA 5.3 Terahertz CDRA design and simulations 5.4 Terahertz DRA main features 5.5 Mathematical formulations used in TDRA 5.6 Terahertz DRA applications 5.7 Conclusion References 6 Terahertz conical dielectric resonator antenna—design, simulation and implementations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design structure of conical THz DRAs 6.3 Model-1 multiband conical TDRA 6.4 Mathematical modeling of terahertz conical DRA 6.5 Equivalent electrical circuit of conical terahertz DRA 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Cylindrical terahertz and optical DRA—design and analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Model 2 TCDRA at 10-THz resonant frequency 7.2.1 Design computations 7.3 Terahertz antennas detailed description 7.4 Theory of terahertz cylindrical DRA and mathematical formulations 7.5 Optical CDRA description 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Spherical terahertz and optical DRA—design and implementations Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Design of terahertz spherical DRA at 511 THz 8.3 Mathematical formulations of terahertz spherical DRA 8.4 Results and discussions 8.4.1 Super directivity in spherical DRA 8.5 MIMO (multi-input–multi-output) spherical DRA 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Rectangular terahertz DRA—design, simulation and implementations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Propagation of light 9.3 Design and simulation of terahertz dielectric resonator antenna 9.4 Synthesis of a terahertz rectangular DRA at optical frequency and its radiation theory 9.5 Mathematical analysis of resonant modes excited into a terahertz rectangular DRA 9.6 Terahertz optical RDRA at 484 THz 9.6.1 Approximate analysis of a rectangular terahertz DRA and its controlled electromagnetic fields 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Equivalent circuit analysis on terahertz and optical dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Quantum DRA-equivalent circuit mathematical analysis for mixed circuits 10.2.1 Impedance (Zin) 10.2.2 The frequency-dependent resistance is also called dynamic resistance of the circuit 10.2.3 Two resonant modes, i.e. fundamental and higher order 10.2.4 Second resonant mode 10.3 Higher order resonant modes 10.4 Bandwidth (BW) of terahertz DRA 10.5 Simulated results based on MATLAB 10.6 Design development and evaluation of NDRA 10.6.1 Resonant frequency of TRDRA formulations 10.7 Synthesis of NDRA radiation theory 10.8 Drude’s model 10.9 MATLAB program 10.10 Conclusion References 11 Optical DRA for retinal applications—next generation DRAs 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Optical antenna arrays basic requirements 11.3 Optical antenna design 11.4 Entanglement 11.5 Modeling of optical antennas 11.6 Light–matter interaction 11.7 Theory of coupled resonant modes 11.8 Designs of terahertz DRAs simulation results for various shapes 11.9 Conclusion and applications References 12 Conclusion and futuristic vision 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Patient-centric healthcare system outline 12.3 Thumb DRA sensors integrated with patient-centric healthcare system 12.4 Thumb DRA design and implementations 12.5 Conclusion Appendix A: Case studies Appendix B: Terahertz absorbers B.1 Absorber characteristics B.2 Absorbers mathematical analysis B.3 Optical absorbers applications Appendix C: Antenna measured values in anechoic chamber Appendix D: Dielectric materials and resources Appendix E: Dual-band graphene antenna design and implementation Appendix F: Miniaturization design techniques F.1 Introduction F.2 Conclusion Appendix G: Gaussian beam feed process Appendix H: Silicon dielectric resonator antenna at 5-THz frequency H.1 THz DRA fabrication process Appendix I: DRA designing process I.1 Design process of aperture coupled DRA Appendix J: DRA design case study Appendix K: Vector network analyzer process for calibration Glossary Index Back Cover

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This book covers the theory, modelling, design and implementations of Terahertz Dielectric Resonator Antenna technologies at microwave, terahertz or optical frequencies for future applications in wireless high-speed communication, wireless personal communication and sensor networks. Case studies with prototype models are included.