Tensors in Mechanics and Elasticity

For courses in Thermodynamics. A visual, conceptual and contemporary approach to Physical Chemistry Engel and Reid's Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics provides a contemporary, conceptual, and visual introduction to physical chemistry. The authors emphasize the vibrancy of physical chemistry today and illustrate its relevance to the world around us, using modern applications drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. The 4th Edition provides visual summaries of important concepts and connections in each chapter, offers students "just-in-time" math help, and expands content to cover science relevant to physical chemistry. Tutorials in Mastering(TM) Chemistry reinforce students' understanding of complex theory in Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics as they build problem-solving skills throughout the course. Also available with Mastering Chemistry Mastering(TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering Chemistry does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Chemistry, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Chemistry, search for: 0134813456/9780134813455 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 4/e Package consists of: 0134746880 / 9780134746883 Mastering Chemistry 0134804589/9780134804583 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Brief Contents......Page 5 Detailed Contents......Page 6 About the Authors......Page 10 Preface......Page 11 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Math Essential 1: Units, Significant Figures, and Solving End of Chapter Problems......Page 18 1.1. What Is Thermodynamics and Why Is It Useful?......Page 22 1.2. The Macroscopic Variables Volume, Pressure, and Temperature......Page 23 1.3. Basic Definitions Needed to Describe Thermodynamic Systems......Page 27 1.4. Equations of State and the Ideal Gas Law......Page 29 1.5. A Brief Introduction to Real Gases......Page 31 Math Essential 2: Differentiation and Integration......Page 38 2.1. Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 46 2.2. Heat......Page 47 2.3. Work......Page 48 2.4. Equilibrium, Change, and Reversibility......Page 50 2.5. The Work of Reversible Compression or Expansion of an Ideal Gas......Page 51 2.6. The Work of Irreversible Compression or Expansion of an Ideal Gas......Page 53 2.7. Other Examples of Work......Page 54 2.8. State Functions and Path Functions......Page 56 2.9. Comparing Work for Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 58 2.10. Changing the System Energy from a Molecular- Level Perspective......Page 62 2.11. Heat Capacity......Page 64 2.12. Determining U and Introducing the State Function Enthalpy......Page 67 2.13. Calculating q, w, U, and H for Processes Involving Ideal Gases......Page 68 2.14. Reversible Adiabatic Expansion and Compression of an Ideal Gas......Page 72 Math Essential 3: Partial Derivatives......Page 80 3.1. Mathematical Properties of State Functions......Page 82 3.2. Dependence of U on V and T......Page 85 3.3. Does the Internal Energy Depend More Strongly on V or T?......Page 87 3.4. Variation of Enthalpy with Temperature at Constant Pressure......Page 91 3.5. How are CP and CV Related?......Page 93 3.6. Variation of Enthalpy with Pressure at Constant Temperature......Page 94 3.7. The Joule–Thomson Experiment......Page 96 3.8. Liquefying Gases Using an Isenthalpic Expansion......Page 98 4.1. Energy Stored in Chemical Bonds Is Released or Absorbed in Chemical Reactions......Page 104 4.2. Internal Energy and Enthalpy Changes Associated with Chemical Reactions......Page 105 4.3. Hess’s Law Is Based on Enthalpy Being a State Function......Page 108 4.4. Temperature Dependence of Reaction Enthalpies......Page 110 4.5. Experimental Determination of U and H for Chemical Reactions......Page 112 4.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 114 5.1. What Determines the Direction of Spontaneous Change in a Process?......Page 124 5.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Spontaneity, and the Sign of S......Page 126 5.3. Calculating Changes in Entropy as T, P, or V Change......Page 127 5.4. Understanding Changes in Entropy at the Molecular Level......Page 131 5.5. The Clausius Inequality......Page 133 5.6. The Change of Entropy in the Surroundings and Stot = S + Ssur......Page 134 5.7. Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics......Page 136 5.9. Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions......Page 140 5.10. Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle......Page 142 5.11. How Does S Depend on V and T ?......Page 147 5.12. Dependence of S on T and P......Page 148 5.13. Energy Efficiency, Heat Pumps, Refrigerators, and Real Engines......Page 149 6.1. Gibbs Energy and Helmholtz Energy......Page 164 6.2. Differential Forms of U, H, A, and G......Page 168 6.3. Dependence of Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies on P, V, and T......Page 170 6.4. Gibbs Energy of a Reaction Mixture......Page 172 6.5. Calculating the Gibbs Energy of Mixing for Ideal Gases......Page 174 6.6. Calculating the Equilibrium Position for a Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction......Page 176 6.7. Introducing the Equilibrium Constant for a Mixture of Ideal Gases......Page 179 6.8. Calculating the Equilibrium Partial Pressures in a Mixture of Ideal Gases......Page 183 6.9. Variation of KP with Temperature......Page 184 6.10. Equilibria Involving Ideal Gases and Solid or Liquid Phases......Page 186 6.11. Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Mole Fraction or Molarity......Page 188 6.12. Expressing U, H, and Heat Capacities Solely in Terms of Measurable Quantities......Page 189 6.13. A Case Study: The Synthesis of Ammonia......Page 193 6.14. Measuring G for the Unfolding of Single RNA Molecules......Page 197 7.1. Real Gases and Ideal Gases......Page 206 7.2. Equations of State for Real Gases and Their Range of Applicability......Page 207 7.3. The Compression Factor......Page 211 7.4. The Law of Corresponding States......Page 214 7.5. Fugacity and the Equilibrium Constant for Real Gases......Page 217 8.1. What Determines the Relative Stability of the Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases?......Page 224 8.2. The Pressure–Temperature Phase Diagram......Page 227 8.4. Pressure–Volume and Pressure–Volume– Temperature Phase Diagrams......Page 234 8.5. Providing a Theoretical Basis for the P–T Phase Diagram......Page 236 8.6. Using the Clausius–Clapeyron Equation to Calculate Vapor Pressure as a Function of T......Page 238 8.7. Dependence of Vapor Pressure of a Pure Substance on Applied Pressure......Page 240 8.8. Surface Tension......Page 241 8.9. Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids......Page 244 8.10. Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 245 9.1. Defining the Ideal Solution......Page 254 9.2. The Chemical Potential of a Component in the Gas and Solution Phases......Page 256 9.3. Applying the Ideal Solution Model to Binary Solutions......Page 257 9.4. The Temperature–Composition Diagram and Fractional Distillation......Page 261 9.5. The Gibbs–Duhem Equation......Page 263 9.6. Colligative Properties......Page 264 9.7. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation......Page 265 9.8. Osmotic Pressure......Page 267 9.9. Deviations from Raoult’s Law in Real Solutions......Page 269 9.10. The Ideal Dilute Solution......Page 271 9.11. Activities are Defined with Respect to Standard States......Page 273 9.12. Henry’s Law and the Solubility of Gases in a Solvent......Page 277 9.13. Chemical Equilibrium in Solutions......Page 278 9.14. Solutions Formed from Partially Miscible Liquids......Page 281 9.15. Solid–Solution Equilibrium......Page 283 10.1. Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Ion Formation in Solutions......Page 290 10.2. Understanding the Thermodynamics of Ion Formation and Solvation......Page 292 10.3. Activities and Activity Coefficients for Electrolyte Solutions......Page 295 10.4. Calculating g+- Using the Debye–Hückel Theory......Page 297 10.5. Chemical Equilibrium in Electrolyte Solutions......Page 301 11.1. The Effect of an Electrical Potential on the Chemical Potential of Charged Species......Page 308 11.2. Conventions and Standard States in Electrochemistry......Page 310 11.4. Chemical Reactions in Electrochemical Cells and the Nernst Equation......Page 313 11.5. Combining Standard Electrode Potentials to Determine the Cell Potential......Page 315 11.7. Relationship Between the Cell EMF and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 317 11.8. Determination of E ~ and Activity Coefficients Using an Electrochemical Cell......Page 319 11.9. Cell Nomenclature and Types of Electrochemical Cells......Page 320 11.10. The Electrochemical Series......Page 321 11.11. Thermodynamics of Batteries and Fuel Cells......Page 322 11.12. Electrochemistry of Commonly Used Batteries......Page 323 11.13. Fuel Cells......Page 327 11.14. Electrochemistry at the Atomic Scale......Page 329 11.15. Using Electrochemistry for Nanoscale Machining......Page 332 12.1. Why Probability?......Page 338 12.2. Basic Probability Theory......Page 339 12.3. Stirling’s Approximation......Page 347 12.4. Probability Distribution Functions......Page 348 12.5. Probability Distributions Involving Discrete and Continuous Variables......Page 350 12.6. Characterizing Distribution Functions......Page 353 Math Essential 4: Lagrange Multipliers......Page 364 13.1. Microstates and Configurations......Page 366 13.2. Derivation of the Boltzmann Distribution......Page 372 13.3. Dominance of the Boltzmann Distribution......Page 377 13.4. Physical Meaning of the Boltzmann Distribution Law......Page 379 13.5. The Definition of β......Page 380 14.1. The Canonical Ensemble......Page 390 14.2. Relating Q to q for an Ideal Gas......Page 392 14.3. Molecular Energy Levels......Page 394 14.4. Translational Partition Function......Page 395 14.5. Rotational Partition Function: Diatomic Molecules......Page 397 14.6. Rotational Partition Function: Polyatomic Molecules......Page 405 14.7. Vibrational Partition Function......Page 407 14.8. The Equipartition Theorem......Page 412 14.9. Electronic Partition Function......Page 413 14.10. Review......Page 417 15.1. Energy......Page 424 15.2. Energy and Molecular Energetic Degrees of Freedom......Page 428 15.3. Heat Capacity......Page 433 15.4. Entropy......Page 438 15.5. Residual Entropy......Page 443 15.6. Other Thermodynamic Functions......Page 444 15.7. Chemical Equilibrium......Page 448 16.1. Kinetic Theory of Gas Motion and Pressure......Page 458 16.2. Velocity Distribution in One Dimension......Page 459 16.3. The Maxwell Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 463 16.4. Comparative Values for Speed Distributions......Page 466 16.5. Gas Effusion......Page 468 16.6. Molecular Collisions......Page 470 16.7. The Mean Free Path......Page 474 17.1. What Is Transport?......Page 480 17.2. Mass Transport: Diffusion......Page 482 17.3. Time Evolution of a Concentration Gradient......Page 486 17.4. Statistical View of Diffusion......Page 488 17.5. Thermal Conduction......Page 490 17.6. Viscosity of Gases......Page 493 17.7. Measuring Viscosity......Page 496 17.8. Diffusion and Viscosity of Liquids......Page 497 17.9. Ionic Conduction......Page 499 18.1. Introduction to Kinetics......Page 510 18.2. Reaction Rates......Page 511 18.3. Rate Laws......Page 513 18.4. Reaction Mechanisms......Page 518 18.5. Integrated Rate Law Expressions......Page 519 18.6. Numerical Approaches......Page 524 18.7. Sequential First-Order Reactions......Page 525 18.8. Parallel Reactions......Page 530 18.9. Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants......Page 532 18.10. Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium......Page 534 18.11. Perturbation-Relaxation Methods......Page 538 18.12. The Autoionization of Water: A Temperature- Jump Example......Page 540 18.13. Potential Energy Surfaces......Page 541 18.14. Activated Complex Theory......Page 543 18.15. Diffusion-Controlled Reactions......Page 547 19.1. Reaction Mechanisms and Rate Laws......Page 558 19.2. The Preequilibrium Approximation......Page 560 19.3. The Lindemann Mechanism......Page 562 19.4. Catalysis......Page 564 19.5. Radical-Chain Reactions......Page 575 19.6. Radical-Chain Polymerization......Page 578 19.7. Explosions......Page 579 19.8. Feedback, Nonlinearity, and Oscillating Reactions......Page 581 19.9. Photochemistry......Page 584 19.10. Electron Transfer......Page 596 20.1. What Are Macromolecules?......Page 610 20.2. Macromolecular Structure......Page 611 20.3. Random-Coil Model......Page 613 20.4. Biological Polymers......Page 616 20.5. Synthetic Polymers......Page 624 20.6. Characterizing Macromolecules......Page 627 20.7. Self-Assembly, Micelles, and Biological Membranes......Page 634 Appendix A: Data Tables......Page 642 Credits......Page 660 Index......Page 661 Answers to Selected Numerical Problems......Page 678 Back Cover......Page 689 This loose-leaf, three-hole punched version of the textbook gives students the flexibility to take only what they need to class and add their own notes--all at an affordable price. For courses in Thermodynamics. A visual, conceptual and contemporary approach to Physical Chemistry Engel and Reid's Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics provides a contemporary, conceptual, and visual introduction to physical chemistry. The authors emphasize the vibrancy of physical chemistry today and illustrate its relevance to the world around us, using modern applications drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. The 4th Edition provides visual summaries of important concepts and connections in each chapter, offers students "just-in-time" math help, and expands content to cover science relevant to physical chemistry. Tutorials in Mastering(TM) Chemistry reinforce students' understanding of complex theory in Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics as they build problem-solving skills throughout the course. Also available with Mastering Chemistry Mastering(TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics. Learn more about Mastering Chemistry. NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering(TM) Geography does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Geography, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the loose-leaf version of the text and Mastering Geography, search for: 0134813790 / 9780134813790 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Themodynamics, and Kinetics, Books a la Carte Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 4/e Before purchasing, check with your instructor to ensure you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of the MyLaband Mastering platforms exist for each title, and registrations are not transferable. To register for and use MyLab or Mastering, you may also need a Course ID, which your instructor will provide. Used books, rentals, and purchases made outside of Pearson If purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson, the access codes for the Mastering platform may not be included, may be incorrect, or may be previously redeemed. Check with the seller before completing your purchase. For courses in Thermodynamics. This package includes Mastering Chemistry. A visual, conceptual and contemporary approach to Physical Chemistry Engel and Reids Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics provides a contemporary, conceptual, and visual introduction to physical chemistry. The authors emphasize the vibrancy of physical chemistry today and illustrate its relevance to the world around us, using modern applications drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. The 4th Edition provides visual summaries of important concepts and connections in each chapter, offers students just-in-time math help, and expands content to cover science relevant to physical chemistry. Tutorials in Mastering Chemistry reinforce students understanding of complex theory in Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics as they build problem-solving skills throughout the course. Personalize learning with Mastering Chemistry Mastering is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics. 0134813456/9780134813455 Physical Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 4/e Package consists __For courses in Thermodynamics.__Engel and Reid'sprovides a contemporary, conceptual, and visual introduction to physical chemistry. The authors emphasize the vibrancy of physical chemistry today and illustrate its relevance to the world around us, using modern applications drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. Theprovides visual summaries of important concepts and connections in each chapter, offers students "just-in-time" math help, and expands content to cover science relevant to physical chemistry. Tutorials in Mastering(TM) Chemistry reinforce students' understanding of complex theory in Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics as they build problem-solving skills throughout the course.Mastering(TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reachstudent. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics.You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering Chemistry does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Chemistry, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Chemistry, search for:**0134813456/9780134813455 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 4/e****0134746880 / 9780134746883 Mastering Chemistry** For courses in Physical Chemistry (Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics). A visual, conceptual and contemporary approach to Physical Chemistry Engel and Reid's Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy and Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics provides a contemporary, conceptual, and visual introduction to physical chemistry. The authors emphasize the vibrancy of physical chemistry today and illustrate its relevance to the world around us, using modern applications drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. The 4th Edition provides visual summaries of important concepts and connections in each chapter, offers students “just-in-time” math help, and expands content to cover science relevant to physical chemistry. Tutorials in MasteringTM Chemistry reinforce students'understanding of complex theory in Quantum Chemistry and Thermodynamics as they build problem-solving skills throughout the course. 013516589X / 9780135165898 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics & Physical Chemistry: Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy Package, 4/e Package consists of: 0134804589 / 9780134804583 Physical Chemistry: Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics, 4/e 0134804597 / 9780134804590 Physical Chemistry: Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy, 4/e