فناوری تیغه‌های شمشیر از دوره لا تن تا عصر مدرن: موردی از آنچه اکنون لهستان نامیده می‌شود

This book assesses the results of recent metallographic examination of 45 sword blades (mid-2nd century BC to early-16th century) from the territory of what is now Poland. Pre-Roman blades were usually made from one piece of metal of varying quality (better quality items were perhaps imported). Most high quality and complex technology Roman blades were in all probability of Roman provenance, while some low quality one-piece examples may have been made locally. The Migration Period and Early Middle Ages witnessed the greatest diversification of technological solutions. However it is much more difficult to define the provenance of blades based on their technology in these periods. The range of technologies in use strongly decreased in the High and Late Middle Ages. Table of Contents Introduction Distribution and Typochronology of Finds: Geography of Finds Typochronology of Finds The Pre-Roman Period The Roman Period and the Early Migration Period The Migration Period and the Early Medieval Period Blades of Type X (E. Oakeshott) and its variants Type X, A, 1 (E. Oakeshott) Type X/Xa, A/B, 3 (E. Oakeshott) Type X/XII, B, 1/1a (E. Oakeshott) Type XI, A, 1 (E. Oakeshott) The High Medieval Period and the Late Medieval Period Type XIIa, I, 2 (E. Oakeshott) Blade Type XIIIa (E. Oakeshott) Type XIIIa, J, 1/2 (E. Oakeshott) Type XIIIa, I, 5 (E. Oakeshott) Type XIIIa/XVIa, H/H1/I, 1/7 (E. Oakeshott) Type XIIIa, Z2b, 5 (E. Oakeshott) Type XIIa/XVIa, I/J (E. Oakeshott) Type XVIa, G/G3, 5 (E. Oakeshott) Type XVIa, H/H1, 1/2 (E. Oakeshott) Type XVIa, I/I1, 1/1b (E. Oakeshott) Type XVIa, T3, 9 (variant) Blade Type XVII (E. Oakeshott) Type XVII, G/H/H1, 1/2/7 Type XVII, T4/T5, 2/7 Type XIX (variant), T6, 6 (variant) (E. Oakeshott) Type XX (variant), T, 1a. Stamps, Marks and Inscriptions on the Examined Swords: The Early Medieval Period The High Medieval Period and the Late Medieval Period Marks on blades. Technological Examinations Methods of obtaining iron and steel in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Typochronology of sword blade construction Methods of research Classification of sword blade construction types The Pre-Roman Period The Roman Period and the Early Migration Period The Migration Period and the Early Medieval Period The High Medieval and Late Medieval Periods Sax blades Technology and provenance of sword blades Technology and blade types Technology of sword blades from the Pre-Roman Period to the Early Modern Age. Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research. Appendix. Bibliography. This book assesses the results of recent metallographic examination of 45 sword blades (mid-2nd century BC to early-16th century) from the territory of what is now Poland. Pre-Roman blades were usually made from one piece of metal of varying quality (better quality items were perhaps imported). Most high quality and complex technology Roman blades were in all probability of Roman provenance, while some low quality one-piece examples may have been made locally. The Migration Period and Early Middle Ages witnessed the greatest diversification of technological solutions. However it is much more difficult to define the provenance of blades based on their technology in these periods. The range of technologies in use strongly decreased in the High and Late Middle Ages. Book cover 1 Title page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents 5 List of Figures 7 Introduction 11 Previous Research 11 The Aim of the Project 11 Acknowledgements 13 Map 1. Sword finds which are discussed in this work. 14 Distribution and typochronology of finds 15 Geography of Finds 15 Typochronology of Finds 16 The Pre-Roman Period 16 The Roman Period and the Early Migration Period 18 The Migration Period and the Early Medieval Period 28 Blades of Type X (E. Oakeshott) and its variants 34 Type X, A, 1 (E. Oakeshott) 41 Type X/Xa, A/B, 3 (E. Oakeshott) 50 Type X/XII, B, 1/1a (E. Oakeshott) 54 Type XI, A, 1 (E. Oakeshott) 60 The High Medieval Period and the Late Medieval Period 62 Type XIIa, I, 2 (E. Oakeshott) 62 Blade Type XIIIa (E. Oakeshott) 64 Type XIIIa, J, 1/2 (E. Oakeshott) 64 Type XIIIa, I, 5 (E. Oakeshott) 66 Type XIIIa/XVIa, H/H1/I, 1/7 (E. Oakeshott) 69 Type XIIIa, Z2b, 5 (E. Oakeshott) 76 Type XIIa/XVIa, I/J (E. Oakeshott) 80 Type XVIa, G/G3, 5 (E. Oakeshott) 82 Type XVIa, H/H1, 1/2 (E. Oakeshott) 84 Type XVIa, I/I1, 1/1b (E. Oakeshott) 91 Type XVIa, T3, 9 (variant) 98 Blade Type XVII (E. Oakeshott) 101 Type XVII, G/H/H1, 1/2/7 101 Type XVII, T4/T5, 2/7 107 Type XIX (variant), T6, 6 (variant) (E. Oakeshott) 109 Type XX (variant), T, 1a 111 Fig. 1. ID. No. 80, Płock-Borowiczki, the Płock District, Masovia 17 Fig. 2. ID No. 53, Chmielów Piaskowy, the Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski District, Lesser Poland 19 Fig. 3. ID No. 54, unknown find place, Lesser Poland 22 Fig. 4. ID No. 21, Rzeszów-Lisia Góra, Lesser Poland 25 Fig. 5. ID No. 28, Bydlin, the Olkusz District, Lesser Poland, 27 Fig. 6. ID. No. 30, Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, private collection 29 Fig. 7. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia 33 Fig. 8a. ID No. 60, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland 36 Fig. 8b. ID No. 60, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland 37 Fig. 9. ID No. 62, Lutowo/Lutów, the Sępólno Krajeńskie District, Pomerania) 39 Fig. 10. ID No. 46, Lutomiersk, the Pabianice District, Central Poland 42 Fig. 11. ID No. 49, Charłupia Wielka, the Sieradz District, Central Poland 44 Fig. 12. ID No. 47, Dąbrowa Zielona, the Częstochowa District, Lesser Poland 46 Fig. 13. ID No. 44, Płock (Winnica/Winiary?, now the suburb of Płock), Masovia 47 Fig. 14. ID No. 65, Bydgoszcz-Fordon (Wyszogród), Cuiavia 49 Fig. 15. ID No. 2, Reczyno, the Płock District, Masovia 51 Fig. 16. ID No. 75, Rogów (Rogau), the Brzeg District, Silesia 53 Fig. 17. ID No. 50, Psary (now Gazomia Stara), 55 Fig. 18. ID No. 48, Rzeczków, the Tomaszów Mazowiecki District, Central Poland 57 Fig. 19. ID No. 51, Wysoka, the Szydłowiec District, Lesser Poland 59 Fig. 20. ID No. 72, Węzina (Weeskendorf), the Elbląg District, Prussia 61 Fig. 21. ID No. 1, unknown find place 63 Fig. 22. ID No. 71, Łeba (Leba), the Lębork District, Pomerelia 65 Fig. 23a. ID No. 74, Raczki Elbląskie (Unter-Krebswalde) 67 Fig. 23b. ID No. 74, Raczki Elbląskie (Unter-Krebswalde), the Elbląg District, Prussia 68 Fig. 24a. ID No. 25, Gdańsk (Danzig), Site 9, Pomerelia 70 Fig. 24b. ID No. 25, Gdańsk (Danzig), Site 9, Pomerelia 71 Fig. 25. ID No. 18, Skołyszyn, the Jasło District, Lesser Poland 74 Fig. 26. ID No. 8, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland 75 Fig. 27. ID No. 20, Dynów, the Rzeszów District, Rus 77 Fig. 28. ID No. 64, unknown find place, water find (River Wisła in Bydgoszcz?), Cuiavia (?) 79 Fig. 29. ID No. 6, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland 81 Fig. 30. ID No. 77, Otmuchów (Ottmachau), the Nysa District, Silesia 83 Fig. 31. ID No. 67, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia 85 Fig. 32. ID No. 70, unknown find place (Masovia?) 86 Fig. 33. ID No. 76, Tychy (Tichau), Silesia 88 Fig. 34. ID No. 9, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland 90 Fig. 35. ID No. 66, vicinity of Kalisz, Greater Poland) 92 Fig. 36. ID No. 63, unknown find place 94 Fig. 37. ID No. 69, Warszawa, Masovia 96 Fig. 38. ID No. 78, Płock, Masovia 97 Fig. 39a. ID No. 68, Uszyce (Uschütz), the Olesno District, Silesia 99 Fig. 39b. ID No. 68, Uszyce (Uschütz), the Olesno District, Silesia 100 Fig. 40. ID No. 7, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland 103 Fig. 41. ID No. 73, Elbląg (Elbing), Prussia) 105 Fig. 42. ID No. 45, Lake Pątnowskie, the Konin District, Greater Poland 106 Fig. 43. ID No. 43, Wolbórz, the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Greater Poland 108 Fig. 44. ID No. 23, unknown find place (the pre-1945 collection of Schloß Marienburg, Prussia) 110 Fig. 45. ID No. 79, Czerwińsk, the Płońsk District, 112 Stamps, Marks and Inscriptions on the Examined Swords 114 The Early Medieval Period 114 Possible manufacturers’ marks associated with other symbols on blades 114 Possible ornaments related to the VLFBERHT-group manufacturers’ marks (?) 116 Other marks 117 The High Medieval Period and the Late Medieval Period 121 Marks on tangs 121 ‘Fingernail’ marks 121 Marks resembling St Andrew’s cross 123 Other cross marks 124 Marks of geometric shapes – squares, rectangles, lozenges, dots 125 Other marks 127 Marks on blades 127 Cross marks 127 The Latin cross with rhombus 127 Other cross marks 129 ‘Wolf marks’ 132 Other marks 137 Technological Examinations 143 Methods of obtaining iron and steel in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 143 Typochronology of sword blade construction 148 Classification of sword blade construction types 153 The Pre-Roman Period 153 The Roman Period and the Early Migration Period 156 Methods of research 153 The Migration Period and the Early Medieval Period 170 The High Medieval and Late Medieval Periods 227 Sax blades 296 A. I. 1 (blades from one piece of metal with heterogeneous and random carbon content) 296 A. I. 2 (blades from one piece of surface-carburised metal) 296 A. II. 2 (blades from one piece of steel) 297 B. I. 2 (blades made from layers of steel) 297 B. I. 3. 2 (blades made of layers, with iron or iron-steel cores and steel edges and flats) 298 B. II. 1. 2 (blades with welded-on steel edges) 299 B. II. 1. 3 (blades with layered cores and steel cutting edges) 300 B. II. 2. 1. 2 (blades made of bars, with pattern-welded cores and welded-on edges) 300 B. II. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1 (blades with a pattern of bars consisting of layers which were welded together and then twisted, with the core composed of two layers of bars) 301 B. II. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 (blades with two pattern-welded flats consisting of welded and twisted layers of metal, with one-piece cores and welded-on edges) 301 Technology and provenance of sword blades 303 Technology and blade types 305 Technology of sword blades from the Pre-Roman Period to the Early Modern Age 305 Fig. 47. Iron bar from a Viking Age emporium in Truso, Prussia, perhaps c. 850-950, 144 Fig. 48. Metallographic structures. 145 Fig. 49. Typology of sword blade constructions. 150 Fig. 50.1. ID No. 80, Płock-Borowiczki, the Płock District, Masovia, stored at the Masovian Museum in Płock 154 Fig. 50.2. ID No. 80, Płock-Borowiczki, the Płock District, Masovia, stored at the Masovian Museum in Płock 155 Fig. 51.1. ID No. 53, Chmielów Piaskowy, the Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski District, Lesser Poland, 157 Fig. 51.2. ID No. 53, Chmielów Piaskowy, the Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski District, Lesser Poland, 158 Fig. 51.3. ID No. 53, Chmielów Piaskowy, the Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski District, Lesser Poland, 159 Fig. 52.1. ID No. 54, unknown find place, Lesser Poland, stored at the Jacek Malczewski Museum in Radom 161 Fig. 52.2. ID No. 54, unknown find place, Lesser Poland, stored at the Jacek Malczewski Museum in Radom 162 Fig. 53.1. ID No. 21, Rzeszów-Lisia Góra, Lesser Poland, stored at the District Museum in Rzeszów 164 Fig. 53.2. ID No. 21, Rzeszów-Lisia Góra, Lesser Poland, stored at the District Museum in Rzeszów 165 Fig. 54.1. ID No. 28, Bydlin, the Olkusz District, Lesser Poland, 167 Fig. 54.2. ID No. 28, Bydlin, the Olkusz District, Lesser Poland, 168 Fig. 54.3. ID No. 28, Bydlin, the Olkusz District, Lesser Poland, 169 Fig. 55.1. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 171 Fig. 55.2. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 172 Fig. 55.3. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 173 Fig. 55.4. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 174 Fig. 55.5. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 175 Fig. 55.6. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 176 Fig. 55.7. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 177 Fig. 55.8. ID No. 30, sax from the vicinity of Malbork (Marienburg) (?), Prussia, 178 Fig. 56.1. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 180 Fig. 56.2. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 181 Fig. 56.3. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 182 Fig. 56.4. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 183 Fig. 56.5. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 184 Fig. 56.6. ID No. 29, Szurpiły, the Suwałki District, Prussia, 185 Fig. 57.1. ID No. 60, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland, 187 Fig. 57.2 ID No. 60, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland, 188 Fig. 58.1. ID No. 62, Lutowo/Lutów, the Sępólno Krajeńskie District, Pomerania, the Leon Wyczółkowski District 189 Fig. 58.2. ID No. 2, Lutowo/Lutów, the Sępólno Krajeńskie District, Pomerania, the Leon Wyczółkowski District 190 Fig. 59.1. ID No. 46, Lutomiersk, the Pabianice District, Central Poland, 192 Fig. 59.2. ID No. 46, Lutomiersk, the Pabianice District, Central Poland, 193 Fig. 59.3. ID No. 46, Lutomiersk, the Pabianice District, Masovia, 194 Fig. 60.1. ID No. 49, Charłupia Wielka, the Sieradz District, Central Poland, 196 Fig. 60.2. ID No. 49, Charłupia Wielka, the Sieradz District, Central Poland, 197 Fig. 60.3. ID No. 49, Charłupia Wielka, the Sieradz District, Central Poland, 198 Fig. 61.1. ID No. 47, Dąbrowa Zielona, the Częstochowa District, Lesser Poland, 199 Fig. 61.2. ID No. 47, Dąbrowa Zielona, the Częstochowa District, Lesser Poland, 200 Fig. 61.3. ID No. 47, Dąbrowa Zielona, the Częstochowa District, Lesser Poland, 201 Fig. 61.4. ID No. 47, Dąbrowa Zielona, the Częstochowa District, Lesser Poland, 202 Fig. 62.1. ID No. 44, Płock, Masovia, 204 Fig. 62.2. ID No. 44, Płock, Masovia, 205 Fig. 62.3. ID No. 44, Płock, Masovia, 206 Fig. 63.1. ID No. 65, Bydgoszcz-Fordon (Wyszogród), Cuiavia, 208 Fig. 63.2. ID No. 65, Bydgoszcz-Fordon (Wyszogród), Cuiavia, 209 Fig. 64.1. ID No. 2, Reczyno, the Płock District, Masovia, 210 Fig. 64.2. ID No. 2, Reczyno, the Płock District, Masovia, 211 Fig. 65.1. ID No. 75, Rogów (Rogau), the Brzeg District, Silesia, 213 Fig. 65.2. ID No. 75, Rogów (Rogau), the Brzeg District, Silesia, 214 Fig. 66.1. ID No. 1, Psary (now Gazomia Stara), the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Central Poland, 216 Fig. 66.2. ID No. 50, Psary (now Gazomia Stara), the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Central Poland, 217 Fig. 67.1. ID No. 48, Rzeczków, the Tomaszów Mazowiecki District, Central Poland, 218 Fig. 67.2. ID No. 48, Rzeczków, the Tomaszów Mazowiecki District, Central Poland, 219 Fig. 67.3. ID No. 48, Rzeczków, the Tomaszów Mazowiecki District, Central poland, 220 Fig. 68.1. ID No. 51, Wysoka, the Szydłowiec District, Lesser Poland, 222 Fig. 68.2. ID No. 51, Wysoka, the Szydłowiec District, Lesser Poland, 223 Fig. 68.3. ID No. 51, Wysoka, the Szydłowiec District, Lesser Poland, 224 Fig. 69.1. ID No. 72, Węzina (Weeskendorf), the Elbląg District, Prussia, 225 Fig. 69.2. ID No. 72, Węzina (Weeskendorf), the Elbląg District, Prussia, 226 Fig. 70.1. ID No. 1, unknown find spot, 228 Fig. 70.2. ID No. 2, unknown find spot, 229 Fig. 71.2. ID No. 71, Łeba (Leba), the Lębork District, Pomerelia, 231 Fig. 71.2. ID No. 71, Łeba (Leba), the Lębork District, Pomerelia, 232 Fig. 72.1. ID No. 74, Raczki Elbląskie (Unter-Krebswalde), the Elbląg District, Prussia, 233 Fig. 72.2. ID No. 74, Raczki Elbląskie (Unter-Krebswalde), the Elbląg District, Prussia, 234 Fig. 73.1. ID No. 25, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia, 236 Fig. 73.2. ID No. 25, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia, 237 Fig. 73.3. ID No. 25, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia, 238 Fig. 74.1. ID No. 18, Skołyszyn, the Jasło District, Lesser Poland, 239 Fig. 74.2. ID No. 18, Skołyszyn, the Jasło District, Lesser Poland, 240 Fig. 75.1. ID No. 8, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland, 242 Fig. 75.2. ID No. 8, Strzegocice, the Dębica District, Lesser Poland, 243 Fig. 76.1. ID No. 20, Dynów, the Rzeszów District, Rus, 245 Fig. 76.2. ID No. 20, Dynów, the Rzeszów District, Lesser Poland, 246 Fig. 77.1. ID No. 64, unknown find place, water find (River Wisła in Bydgoszcz?), Cuiavia (?), 247 Fig. 77.2. ID No. 64, unknown find place, water find (River Wisła in Bydgoszcz?), Cuiavia (?), 248 Fig. 78.1. ID No. 6, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 250 Fig. 78.2. ID No. 6, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 251 Fig. 79.1. ID No. 77, Otmuchów (Ottmachau), the Nysa District, Silesia, 252 Fig. 79.2. ID No. 77, Otmuchów (Ottmachau), the Nysa District, Silesia, 253 Fig. 80.1. ID No. 67, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia, 255 Fig. 80.2. ID No. 67, Gdańsk (Danzig), Pomerelia, 256 Fig. 81.1. ID No. 70, unknown find place (Masovia?), 257 Fig. 81.2. ID No. 70, unknown find place (Masovia?), 258 Fig. 82.1. ID No. 76, Tychy (Tichau), Silesia, 260 Fig. 82.2. ID No. 76, Tychy (Tichau), Silesia, 261 Fig. 83.1. ID No. 9, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 262 Fig. 83.2. ID No. 9, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 263 Fig. 84.1. ID No. 66, vicinity of Kalisz, Greater Poland, 265 Fig. 84.2. ID No. 66, vicinity of Kalisz, Greater Poland, 266 Fig. 85.1. ID No. 63, unknown find place, water find (River Wisła in Bydgoszcz?), Cuiavia (?), 267 Fig. 85.2. ID No. 63, unknown find place, water find (River Wisła in Bydgoszcz?), Cuiavia (?), 268 Fig. 86.1. ID No. 69, Warszawa, Masovia, 270 Fig. 86.2. ID No. 69, Warszawa, Masovia, 271 Fig. 87.1. ID No. 78, Płock, Masovia, 272 Fig. 87.2. ID No. 78, Płock, Masovia, 273 Fig. 88.1. ID No. 68, Uszyce (Uschütz), the Olesno District, Silesia, 275 Fig. 88.2. ID No. 68, Uszyce (Uschütz), the Olesno District, Silesia, 276 Fig. 89.1. ID No. 7, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 277 Fig. 89.2. ID No. 7, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 278 Fig. 89.3. ID No. 7, Komorów, the Tarnów District, Lesser Poland, 279 Fig. 90.1. ID No. 73, Elbląg (Elbing), Prussia, 281 Fig. 90.2. ID No. 73, Elbląg (Elbing), Prussia, 282 Fig. 91.1. ID No. 45, Lake Pątnowskie, the Konin District, Greater Poland, 283 Fig. 91.2. ID No. 45, Lake Pątnowskie, the Konin District, Greater Poland, 284 Fig. 92.1. ID No. 43, Wolbórz, the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Greater Poland, 286 Fig. 92.2. ID No. 43, Wolbórz, the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Lesser Poland, 287 Fig. 92.3. ID No. 43, Wolbórz, the Piotrków Trybunalski District, Lesser Poland, 288 Fig. 93.1. ID No. 23, unknown find place 289 Fig. 93.2. ID No. 23, unknown find place 290 Fig. 93.3. ID No. 23, unknown find place 291 Fig. 93.4. ID No. 23, unknown find place 292 Fig. 94.1. ID No. 79, Czerwińsk, the Płońsk District, Masovia, 294 Fig. 94.2. ID No. 79, Czerwińsk, the Płońsk District, Masovia, 295 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research 309 Appendix 310 Bibliography 359 swords,blades,technology,Poland,Roman period,medieval period,technology,metal working