Technology-Enhanced Learning for a Free, Safe, and Sustainable World : 16th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2021, Bolzano, Italy, September 20-24, 2021, Proceedings

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2021, held in Bolzano, Italy, in September 2021. The 21 research full papers and 28 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 98 submissions. The European Conference on Technology-Enhance Learning, is committed to address global challenges and quality education. The papers deal with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 4 and SDG 10, to help to reduce the existing gaps and inequalities between countries and regions from around the world in terms of inclusiveness, equity, access, and quality of education. Preface Organization Contents The Impact of Explicating Learning Goals on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: Evaluating a Learning Goal Visualization 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Contribution and Research Questions 4 Learning Goals in Lecture Descriptions - An Exemplary Analysis at Two Universities 5 The Learning Goal Systematics 6 The Learning Goal Widget 7 Methodology 8 Results 8.1 Coaching Session 8.2 Focus Group 8.3 Widget Specific Questionnaire 8.4 Widget Usage and Log Data 9 Discussion 10 Limitations of the Study 11 Conclusion References Catching Group Criteria Semantic Information When Forming Collaborative Learning Groups 1 Introduction 2 Method Formulation 2.1 Problem Description 2.2 Proposed Approach 3 Experiment 3.1 Dataset 3.2 Group Quality Metrics 3.3 Experiment Results and Discussion 3.4 Pedagogical Information Provided by Our Approach 4 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Work References The Role of Social Practices of Knowledge Appropriation for Sustaining TEL Innovations in the Classroom 1 Introduction 1.1 Social Practices of Knowledge Appropriation 1.2 Research Question 2 Method 2.1 Robomath Method 3 Results 4 Conclusions and Discussion 5 Limitations and Future Work References Visual Aids for Teaching Piano to Students with Autism: Designing a Web App Through Practice 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Objectives and Methods 4 Research Approach 4.1 Thinking of a Framework 4.2 Requirements 4.3 Design and Test GUIs 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Interactive and Explainable Advising Dashboard Opens the Black Box of Student Success Prediction 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Context, Data, Predictive Model and Explainer 3.1 Context 3.2 Data 3.3 Predictive Model and Explainer 4 Interactive and Explainable Advising Dashboard 5 Evaluation: Methods and Results 5.1 Methods 5.2 Results 6 Conclusions and Future Work References Investigating the Role of Educational Robotics in Formal Mathematics Education: The Case of Geometry for 15-Year-Old Students 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Design of the ER Content 2.2 Participants and Study Design 3 Results 3.1 RQ1 - Lecture Type and Students' Learning 3.2 RQ2 - Students' Perception and Engagement 3.3 RQ3 - Effect of Prior Appreciation for Maths 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Analysing Peer Assessment Interactions and Their Temporal Dynamics Using a Graphlet-Based Method 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Peer Assessment Findings 2.2 Peer Assessment Using the Platform Sqily 2.3 Graphlet in the Social Network Domain and Potential for Peer Assessment Analysis 3 Method 3.1 Context 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Student Peer Assessment Roles 4.2 Student Peer Assessment Dynamics 5 Conclusion and Implications References VLE Limits and Perspectives for Digital Integration in Teaching Practices 1 Introduction 2 Digital Technology in Teachers’ Pedagogical Practices 3 Open Digital Education-Nunc Study 4 Results 4.1 Teachers’ Adaptation Strategies During the Lockdown 4.2 Levels of Digital Technology Integration in Teachers’ Practices 5 Lessons Learned to Promote the Development of Digital Technology in Schools 6 Conclusion and Prospects for Fostering VLE Use References First-Year University Students in Distance Learning: Motivations and Early Experiences 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Motivations to Join Distance Learning Higher Education (RQ1) 3.2 Motivations and Student Groups (RQ2) 3.3 Positive Experiences (RQ3) 3.4 Areas of Suggested Improvement (RQ4) 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References The Dire Cost of Early Disengagement: A Four-Year Learning Analytics Study over a Full Program 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Trajectories of Engagement 2.2 Learning Analytics and Modeling the Engagement 3 Methods 3.1 Context 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Analysis 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Analysis of the “D’oh!” Moments. Physiological Markers of Performance in Cognitive Switching Tasks 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Data Collection and Annotation 3 Analysis and Results 3.1 Qualitative Analysis 3.2 Machine Learning Classifiers 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Examining the Effect of Self-explanations in Distributed Self-assessment 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 The Self-explanation Effect in Problem-Solving 2.2 Tracing the Relationship Between Metacognitive Skills and Learning Outcomes 3 Methodology 3.1 Guiding the Research by the KLI Framework 3.2 Modeling Self-assessment by the Learning Curve Analysis 3.3 Semantics and Elements in Self-explanation 3.4 Experiment Platform and Data Collection 4 Results 4.1 Mixed Regression Outcomes Between the Error Rate and Learning Opportunities 4.2 Comparing the Number of Self-explanations Between HP and LP 4.3 Correlating the Error Rate to Self-explanation 4.4 Multilevel Semantics: Relevance to Question and Learning Content is the Key to the Self-explanation Effect 5 Conclusions and Discussion 5.1 Limitations References Examining the Relationship Between Reflective Writing Behaviour and Self-regulated Learning Competence: A Time-Series Analysis 1 Introduction and Background 2 Context of Study 2.1 Educational Context 2.2 Data Collection Tools 2.3 SRL Questionnaire and Clustering Students According to Their SRL Competence 3 Methodology 3.1 Pre-processing 3.2 Derived Features 3.3 Time Series Analysis of Students’ Reflective Writing Behaviours 4 Results 4.1 Overall Individual Reflective Writing Behaviours 4.2 Systematic Reflection Patterns 4.3 Academic Performance 5 Discussion 5.1 Limitations and Future Research 6 Conclusion References From Paper to Online: Digitizing Card Based Co-creation of Games for Privacy Education 1 Introduction 1.1 Card-Based Co-creation of Educational Game Concepts 1.2 Related Work and Research Gap 1.3 Research Objectives 2 Research Approach 2.1 Digitizing the Paper-Based Card Toolset 2.2 Co-located and Remote Co-creation of Privacy Education Game Concepts 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Supporting Remote Co-creation with the Digitized Card/Board Metaphor 4.2 Co-created Outcome of Preferred Privacy Education Game Designs 5 Conclusion References An In-Depth Methodology to Predict At-Risk Learners 1 General Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Feature Extraction 3.2 Feature Selection 3.3 Approach 4 Case Study: CNED 4.1 CNED Presentation 4.2 Data Description 4.3 Feature Extraction 4.4 Application of the Approach 5 Methodology Implementation and Results 5.1 Experimental Protocol 5.2 Accuracy Results 5.3 Feature Selection Process 5.4 FPR Results 5.5 Results Analysis 6 Conclusion References A Framework to Guide Educational Technology Studies in the Evolving Classroom Research Environment 1 Introduction 1.1 Classroom Studies in Educational Technology Research 1.2 Conducting Classroom Research Remotely 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Perceived Benefits of Participating in Remote Classroom Research 3.2 Perceived Concerns and Challenges Regarding Participation in Remote Classroom Research 4 Discussion 4.1 A Framework for Conducting Remote Classroom Research 4.2 How Would the Teaching Mode Affect Remote Classroom Research? 5 Conclusion References Using Prompts and Remediation to Improve Primary School Students Self-evaluation and Self-efficacy in a Literacy Web Application 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Experimental Context and Data Collection 3.1 A Literacy Software 3.2 Self-evaluation and Self-efficacy Prompts 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Data Preprocessing 4 Impact of a Gauge or an Audio Recording During Answers to Self-evaluation and Self-efficacy Assessments 4.1 Method 4.2 Results 5 Impact of Audio Remediation Feedback on Self-evaluation and Self-efficacy Deficits 5.1 Methods 5.2 Results 6 Discussion and Limits 7 Conclusion and Future Works References Harnessing Student Creativity to Design Fake News Literacy Training: An Overview of Twelve Graduate Student Projects 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Research Questions 4 Methodology 5 Findings 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Recommendations for Orchestration of Formative Assessment Sequences: A Data-Driven Approach 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Formative Assessment 2.2 Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment 3 Design of the Dataset 3.1 Elaastic, a Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment Tool 3.2 The Dataset 4 Data Analysis 4.1 Benefits of Sequences Increase When the Proportion of Correct Answers Is Close to 50% During the First Vote 4.2 Benefits of Sequences Increase When Peer Ratings Are Consistent 4.3 Peer Ratings Are Consistent When Learners Confidence Degrees Are Consistent 4.4 Self-rating Is Inconsistent in Peer Rating Contexts 4.5 The Amount of Peer Ratings Makes No Significant Difference in Terms of Sequences Benefits 5 Resulting Orchestration Model 6 Limitations 7 Conclusion and Future Works References Surveying Teachers’ Preferences and Boundaries Regarding Human-AI Control in Dynamic Pairing of Students for Collaborative Learning 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Design 2.2 Data Analysis Approach 3 Results 3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Results for Each Scenario 3.2 Other Results on Teachers’ Preferences on Hybrid Control in Pairing 4 Discussion 4.1 Insights Related to the Research Questions 4.2 Design Challenges and Directions 4.3 Implications and Outlook 5 Conclusion References What Do Learning Designs Show About Pedagogical Adoption? An Analysis Approach and a Case Study on Inquiry-Based Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Learning Design Analysis 2.2 Pedagogical Guidelines for IBL 3 A Content Analytic Approach for IBL Designs 4 Case Study: An Analysis of Estonian Learning Designs 4.1 Technological Context: Go-Lab 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Results 4.4 Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Work References On the Linguistic and Pedagogical Quality of Automatic Question Generation via Neural Machine Translation 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Approach 4 Empirical Evaluation 5 Conclusion References Developing a Prototype of an Open Educational Resource on Research Methods for PhD Candidates in Technology-Enhanced Learning 1 Theoretical Background 2 Description of the Work 3 Preliminary Results References Comparing Usage in and Between Primary and Secondary Schools for a Blended TEL Portal 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Student Results 3.2 Teacher Results 4 Discussion References Investigating the Associations Between Emotion, Cognitive Load and Personal Learning Goals: The Case for MOOCs 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Materials, Procedure and Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion References “I Need More Motivation”: Engaging Students in the Gamification Design Process 1 Introduction and Background 2 Context and Pilot Study Design 3 Analysis and Results 3.1 Students’ Engagement 3.2 Students’ Feelings, Perceptions of Usefulness and Design Improvements 4 Discussion and Further Work References Augmented Reality as Educational Tool: Perceptions, Challenges, and Requirements from Teachers 1 Introduction and Background 2 Method and Results 3 Discussion and Limitations 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Towards a Self-assessment Tool for Teachers to Improve LMS Mastery Based on Teaching Analytics 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Teachers' Behavior Model 4.1 Model Definition 4.2 Teaching Analytics Indicators 4.3 Model and Metrics Exploitation 5 Conclusion and Perspectives References Uncovering Latent Profiles Based on How Students Review Paper-Based Assessments 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection and Pre-processing 2.2 Latent Profile Analysis 3 Preliminary Results 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Orchestrating an Ubiquitous Learning Situation About Cultural Heritage with Casual Learn 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Research Context 3 Results References Bibliometric Analysis of the Last Ten Years of the European Conference on Technology-Enhanced Learning 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Main Topics of EC-TEL Based on Keywords 3.2 Evolution of Topics Across the Previous Ten Years 3.3 Evolution of This Year's Conference Topic on ``Free, Safe and Sustainable World'' 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Interactive Screencasts as Learning Tools in Introductory Programming 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Data 4 Discussion References Teachers’ Orchestration Needs During the Shift to Remote Learning 1 Introduction and Background 2 Methods 2.1 Learning Context 2.2 Participants 2.3 Design and Procedures 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Designing a Pre-service Teacher Community Platform: A Focus on Participants' Motivations 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Preliminary Results 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Exploring Teachers’ Needs for Guidance While Designing for Technology-Enhanced Learning with Digital Tools 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Measuring and Predicting Students' Effort: A Study on the Feasibility of Cognitive Load Measures to Real-Life Scenarios 1 Introduction 2 Measuring and Predicting Students' Effort 3 Conclusion References Educawood: A Socio-semantic Annotation System for Environmental Education 1 Introduction 2 Activity Catalogue and Supported Annotations 3 Architecture of Educawood 4 Sample Learning Scenario References Understanding the Well-Being Impact of a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Tool: The Case of PyramidApp 1 Introduction and Background 2 Method 2.1 Participants and Procedures 3 Findings 4 Discussion and Future Work References Atelier – Tutor Moderated Comments in Programming Education 1 Introduction 2 The Atelier platform 3 Experience and Observations 4 Conclusions References Smart Groups: A Tool for Group Orchestration in Synchronous Hybrid Learning Environments 1 Background 2 Description of the Prototype 2.1 Teacher App 2.2 Student App 3 Use Case 4 Future Agenda References Awareness Tools for Monitoring Socio-emotional Regulation During Collaboration in Settings Outside School Without Teacher Supervision 1 Theoretical Background 2 Description of the Emotional and Motivational Affordances of the Prototype 3 Preliminary Tests and Future Work References Narrative Scripts Embedded in Social Media Towards Empowering Digital and Self-protection Skills 1 Pedagogical and Technological Background 2 Description of the Prototype and Use Case 3 Preliminary Results and Future Work References Conceptual Checks for Programming Teachers 1 Pedagogical and Technological Background 2 Conceptual Checks in progmiscon.org 3 Use Cases and Next Steps References Demonstration of SCARLETT: A Smart Learning Environment to Support Learners Across Formal and Informal Contexts 1 Pedagogical and Technological Background 2 SCARLETT Overview 3 Use Case 4 Prototype and Future Work References The L2L System for Second Language Learning Using Visualised Zoom Calls Among Students 1 Pedagogical/Technological Background 2 Description of the Prototype 3 Use Case to Demonstrate System Relevance 4 Results and Outcomes Achieved 5 Future Agenda and Next Steps References Usage-Based Summaries of Learning Videos 1 Pedagogical Background 2 Description of the Prototype 3 Use Case and Results Achieved 4 Future Work References Including Students’ Voices in the Design of Blended Learning Lesson Plans 1 Pedagogical Background 2 Technological Background 3 Description of the Prototype 4 Use Case, Preliminary Results and Future Work References EvaWeb: A Web App for Simulating the Evacuation of Buildings with a Grid Automaton 1 Introduction 2 Overview over EvaWeb 2.1 Core Functionality 2.2 Evacuation Algorithms 2.3 Configuration 2.4 Implementation Details 3 Future Work References Self-tracking Time-On-Task: Web-Based Weekly Timesheets for Higher Education Students 1 Pedagogical and Technological Background 2 Description of the Web-Based Application and its Use Cases 3 Results and Outcomes Achieved 4 Future Work References Correction to: Investigating the Role of Educational Robotics in Formal Mathematics Education: The Case of Geometry for 15-Year-Old Students Correction to: Chapter “Investigating the Role of Educational Robotics in Formal Mathematics Education: The Case of Geometry for 15-Year-Old Students” in: T. De Laet et al. (Eds.): Technology-Enhanced Learning for a Free, Safe, and Sustainable World, LNCS 12884, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86436-1_6 Author Index