Techniques for Assessment of Parkinsonism for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation (Series in BioEngineering)

This book describes the range of technologies that have been developed for diagnosing and assessing Parkinson’s disease patients. Also presenting the latest studies providing insights into the changes to the neural system in Parkinson’s disease, it is a valuable resource for neurologists, general practitioners and nurses. Further, the book highlights areas that require more research, and as such will appeal to researchers, biomedical engineers and clinicians. Preface Contents Abbreviations Parkinson’s Disease–An Introduction 1 History 2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 2.1 Environmental Factors 2.2 Genetic factors 2.3 Pathophysiology 2.4 Clinical Features 2.5 Motor Symptoms 2.6 Non-motor Symptoms 2.7 Cognitive Impairment 2.8 Neurobehavioral Abnormalities 2.9 Autonomic Dysfunction 2.10 Sensory Symptoms and Pain 2.11 Diagnosis 2.12 Doapmine Transporter (DaT) Scan 2.13 Differential Diagnosis 2.14 Essential Tremor 2.15 Dementia With Lewy Bodies 2.16 Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 2.17 Cortico-Basal Degeneration 2.18 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) 2.19 Other Neurodegenerative Disorders 2.20 Secondary Parkinsonism 2.21 Drugs 2.22 Toxins 2.23 Vascular Parkinsonism 2.24 Others Causes of Secondary Parkinsonism 2.25 Treatment 2.26 Treatment of Motor Symptoms 2.27 Anticholinergics 2.28 Antiglutamatergics 2.29 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 2.30 Dopamine Agonists 2.31 Catechol-O-methyl Transferase Inhibitors 2.32 Treatment of Non-motor Symptoms 3 Surgical Treatment 3.1 Deep Brain Stimulation 4 Future Directions 4.1 Focused Ultrasound Therapy 4.2 Cell Replacement Therapies References Parkinson’s Disease and Its Symptoms 1 Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease 2 Detecting and Monitoring Parkinson’s Disease References Epidemiology of Parkinson’s Disease—Current Understanding of Causation and Risk Factors 1 Background & Global Disease Burden 1.1 Prevalence 1.2 Age Trends 1.3 Incidence 2 Causes of Parkinsons Disease 2.1 Brak Hyptothesis 2.2 Gut Microbiome 2.3 A Life-Long and Exposure Approach to PD Etiological Research 2.4 Risk Factors for Parkinson’s Disease 3 Environmental Exposures 3.1 Pesticides 3.2 Antioxidants 3.3 Uprate (Uric Acid) 4 Lifestyle Factors 4.1 Smoking 4.2 Prospective 4.3 Meta-Analyses 4.4 Stress 4.5 Alcohol Case–control Studies 4.6 Physical Activity 4.7 Body Mass Index (BMI) 4.8 Diet 4.9 Coffee and Tea 4.10 Tea 4.11 Dairy Products 4.12 Macronutrients 4.13 Diabetes 4.14 Minerals 4.15 Well Water 4.16 Metals 4.17 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 4.18 Hepatitis C 5 Organic Solvents 5.1 Positive 5.2 Magnetic Fields 5.3 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 5.4 Inflammation 5.5 Mental Illness 5.6 Vascular Diseases 5.7 Estrogen 5.8 Mortality References Young Onset of Parkinson’s Disease 1 Definition 2 Historical Background 3 Prevalence 4 Etiology 5 Symptoms 6 Diagnosis 7 Disease Management 8 Quality of Life 9 Economic Burden 10 Perceived Preventive Measure 11 Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease 12 Perspectives of Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease Patients 13 Summary References Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease: Imaging and Non-Imaging Techniques 1 Introduction 1.1 Non-Imaging techniques used in the early diagnosis of PD 1.2 Imaging techniques used in the early diagnosis of PD 2 Positron Emission Tomography PET Scan Imaging 2.1 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan Imaging 3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 4 Transcranial B-Mode Sonography (TCS) 5 Thermal Imaging in the early diagnosis of PD 6 Conclusion References Inertial Measurement Units for Gait Analysis of Parkinson’s Disease Patients 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Review of the Papers 4.1 Part I “IMU Sensors Used for Gait Analysis” 4.2 Part II “Measuring Gait Variability in Parkinson Disease Patients Using Other Sensors” 5 Discussion and Future Research References Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease 1 Introduction 2 Symptomatic Pharmacological Treatment 3 Deep Brain Stimulation 4 Treatments in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease 5 Summary References Voice Analysis for Diagnosis and Monitoring Parkinson’s Disease 1 Introduction 1.1 Dysarthria 1.2 Dysfluency 2 Voice Analysis for Parkinson’s Disease 3 Effect of Levodopa on Parkinsonian Voice Symptoms 4 Methods 4.1 Participants 4.2 Voice Recording 4.3 Feature Extraction 4.4 Statistical Analysis 4.5 Machine Learning Based Classification 5 Results 5.1 Statistical Analysis 5.2 Classification Analysis 6 Discussion 7 Summary of the Study References Tremors and Bradykinesia 1 Introduction 2 Types of Tremors 3 Tremor Characterization in Parkinsonian Disorders 4 Pathophysiology of Tremor 5 Cessation of Resting Tremor During Voluntary Movements in Parkinsonism 6 Managing Parkinson’s Tremor 7 Bradykinesia 8 Pathophysiology of Bradykinesia 9 Secondary Causes of Bradykinesia 10 Bradykinesia Test and Diagnosis 11 Bradykinesia Treatment 12 Surgical Procedures 13 Lifestyle Remedies for Symptom Management References Is There a Better Way to Assess Parkinsonian Motor Symptoms?—Experimental and Modelling Approach 1 Introduction 2 PD Symptoms 3 Diagnostics and Evaluation for Parkinsonian Symptoms 4 The Need for a More Quantitative Approach 5 Cognitive Impairments in PD 6 Therapeutic Interventions and Rehabilitation 7 Computational Modeling 8 Conclusions References